Anatomy

Question 1

True or false

The extrapyramidal tract controls smooth muscles

Answer 1

False, smooth muscles are controlled by the ANS ,the extrapyramidal tracts controls the subconscious movement of skeletal muscles

Question 2

The anterior spinocerebellar tract enters the cerebellum through which peduncule

Answer 2

Through the superior peduncule

Note the LSC enters through the inferior peduncule

Question 3

Clarkson neuclus is found in which segments

Answer 3

C8-L2,OR T1-L4

Question 4

The internal capsule is between

Answer 4

Thalamus, caudate nucleus medially, lenticular nucleus laterally

Question 5

The anterior spinothalemic tract synapses in which nuclei in the spinal cord

Answer 5

In the nucleus proprious

The LST synapses in the substantia gelatinosa

Question 6

The troclear and the abducent nerves supply which muscles

Answer 6

Superior oblique and lateral rectus respectively

Question 7

which cranial nerves are not bilateral but contra-lateral?

Answer 7

part of the fascial nerve which supplies the lower fascial muscles
part of the hypoglossal nerve which supplies the genioglossal muscle

Question 8

what are the 4 deep cerebellar nuclei ?

Answer 8

dentate
emboliform
globose
fastigial

Question 9

the red nucleus receives input from

Answer 9

cortex and the cerebellum

Question 10

the emboliform and globose are known as

Answer 10

the interposed nuclei and they form the globose emboliform rubral pathway

Question 11

the lateral motor system is made of

Answer 11

the lateral corticospinal tract and the rubrospinal tract

Question 12

true or false

the rubrospinal tract stimulated flexors and inhibit extensors of distal muscles

Answer 12

true

notice that the skilled movement of distal muscles mainly depend on flexors

Question 13

true or false the effect of the cortex on the pontine reticulospinal tract is stimulatory

Answer 13

false. it is inhibitory as the pontine reticulospinal tract is tonically active, this mechanism is known as disinhibition

Question 14

true or false

medullary reticulospinal tract is tonically active

Answer 14

false it is tonically inactive , it is stimulated by the cortex

Question 15

do the fibers cross in reticulospinal tracts

Answer 15

in the pontine reticulospinal tract : they do not

in the medullary reticulospinal tracts : some cross and some don’t

Question 16

true or false

the pontine reticulospinal tract has descending autonomic fibers

Answer 16

false, the medullary reticulospinal tract has descending autonomic fibers

Question 17

The vestibular nuclei receive afferent (sensory) fibers from:

Answer 17

1) from the vestibule
2) from the deep cerebellar nuclei (fastigial)

***note : the vestibular nuclei is a sensory nuclei

Question 18

which fibers in the extrapyramidal tracts cross (decussate) ?

Answer 18

cross: rubrospinal tract ,medullary reticulospinal , tectospinal
doesn’t cross : pontine reticulospinal tract ,vestibulospinal tract

Question 19

the 4 colliculi together form a structure known as :

Answer 19

corpora quadrigemina

Question 20

muscle spindle is made of ?

Answer 20

stretch receptor + capsule + intrafusal fibers

Question 21

true or false

alpha fibers give slow and long contractions while gamma fibers give fast and short contractions

Answer 21

false, it is the opposite

Question 22

true or false

both the nuclear bag and the nuclear chain don’t contain sarcomeres

Answer 22

true

Question 23

what is the difference between primary and secondary muscle fibers?

Answer 23

primary muscle fibers: large, fast, 1a/Aa, both nuclear bag and chain, dynamic stretch reflexes(such as knee jerk) ,rapidly adapting
secondary muscle fibers: smaller diameter , slower, for static stretch reflex, slowly adapting , Ab/type 2

Question 24

in the occurrence of an UML will the initial resistance cause by the clasp knife reflex be larger or smaller

Answer 24

larger

Question 25

the sudden in the case of clasp knife reflex is due to?

Answer 25

the activation of the Golgi tendon reflex

Question 26

the first interneuron in the golgi tendon reflex is -----------

Answer 26

polysynaptic

Question 27

define the law of reciprocal innervation

Answer 27

that the contraction of a muscle or set of muscles (as of a joint) is accompanied by the simultaneous inhibition of an antagonistic muscle or set of muscles

Question 28

fasciculations are found in upper or lower motor neuron lesions ?

Answer 28

lower motor neuron lesions

Question 29

true or false | positive Babinski sign is normal in 1-1.5 yrs old children

Answer 29

true

Question 30

decerebrate vs decorticate

Answer 30

decorticate: upper limb is flexed while lower limb is extended , less dangerous decerebrate: all the body muscles are extended, more dangerous as it is closer to the brain stem

Question 31

Sacral sparing occur at:

Answer 31

intramedullary tumor note: intramedullary tumors affect the cervical fibers (medial) while the extramedullary tumors affects the lower limb fibers (lateral)

Question 32

true or false | Syringomyelia will cause a unilateral loss of pain and temperature

Answer 32

false; it will cause a bilateral loss | take note that it will cause the loss of pain and temperature

Question 33

Brown-Séquard Syndrome will cause:

Answer 33

contralateral loss of pain and temp ipsilateral loss of discriminative touch ipsilateral paralysis or muscle weakness

Question 34

the anterior spinal artery arises from? | the 2 posterior spinal arteries arise from ?

Answer 34

1) from vertebral arteries | 2) from posterior inferior cerebellar artery

Question 35

Segmental (horizontal) spinal arteries arise from?

Answer 35

1) - Vertebral arteries and deep cervical arteries ( 2) Posterior intercostal arteries (in the thorax) 3) lumbar arteries

Question 36

every segmental artery gives three | branches:

Answer 36

1) anterior radicular 2) posterior radicular 3) segmental medullary artery

Question 37

Artery of Adamkiewicz will anastomose with which artery

Answer 37

anterior spinal artery

Question 38

terminal branches of the spinal medullary arteries join to form :

Answer 38

arterial vasocorona

Question 39

which nerve arises from the posterior aspect of the midbrain

Answer 39

trochlear nerve (cranial nerve number 4)

Question 40

which nerves can also relay sensation to the spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve

Answer 40

3 nerve : fascial, glossopharyngeal, vagus

Question 41

the medial longitudinal nucleus connects what?

Answer 41

3 motor nuclei: oculomotor ,trochlea , abducent 1 sensory nuclei :vestibular nerve and some upper cervical segments

Question 42

true or false | humans have bi-ocular vision

Answer 42

true , meaning both eyes can only look in the same direction

Question 43

the inferior olivary nucleus is located --------, and it has ac communication with?

Answer 43

medially, | spinal cord, cerebellum ,cortex

Question 44

olivary nuclear complex consists of

Answer 44

1) dorsal olivary nucleus 2) medial olivary nucleus 3) inferior olivary nucleus

Question 45

true or false | the hypoglossal nuclei can be found on the floor of the 4 ventricle

Answer 45

true, this area is called central grey matter

Question 46

tactus solitarius has the nuclei for which nerves?

Answer 46

fascial , glossopharyngeal , vagus note: it is responsible for taste and visceral sensation

Question 47

nucleus ambiguous is made from?

Answer 47

glossopharyngeal , vagus , accessory it supplies the larynx , pharynx , and the soft palate

Question 48

the cell body of the cochlear nerve is found in?

Answer 48

spiral cochlear ganglion

Question 49

in the caudal part of the pons the spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve can be found ------------ to the inferior cerebellar peduncle

Answer 49

anteromedial

Question 50

which cranial nerves contain a parasympathetic component ?

Answer 50

oculomotor facial glossopharyngeal nerve vagus