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anatomy final Flashcards

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1
Q

true or false

neurons do not contain centrioles

A

true

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2
Q

true or false

axons contain both neurofibrils and Nissl bodies

A

false, it contains only neurofibrils

dendrites contain both

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3
Q

how many types of nerve regeneration are there ?

A

2 types
anterograde
retrograde

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4
Q

true or false

cranial ganglia’s are both parasympathetic and sensory ganglia’s

A

false, it is only parasympathetic

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5
Q

what is the origin of microglia

A

bone marrow

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6
Q

what are the 2 types of astrocytes?

A 
fibrous astrocyte (long processes , inside white matter)
protoplasmic astrocyte (short process , gray matter)
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7
Q

the insula plays a role in ?

A

taste and autonomic function of slow pain(sweating and tachycardia

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8
Q

limbic system plays a role in?

A

sexual, behavioral , emotional function

and it also has a role in olfaction

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9
Q

the limbic system is made of?

A

subcallosal gyrus, cingulate gyrus, para-hippocampal gyrus

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10
Q

what is the function of the gyrus rectus?

A

it has a role in the sexual function

note :it is continuous with the superior frontal gyrus

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11
Q

describe the collateral sulcus?

A

it is below and parallel to the calcarine sulcus

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12
Q

describe the rhinal sulcus?

A

separates the uncus from the temporal lobe

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13
Q

what are the functions of the inferior lobe tentorial gyri?

A

Para hippocampal gyrus= recent and short memory
uncus= contains the amygdala; function: has a role in olfaction and sensation of fear, so functionally it is related to the limbic system
fusiform: face recognition
LOT : location recognition memory.

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14
Q

what area is the frontal eye field and where is it found

A

it is area 8 and it is found in the frontal lobe

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15
Q

what is the location of the motor action of the anal sphincter in the cerebral cortex ?

A

primary motor area, on the superior and curving into medial surface

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16
Q

what are the functions of pre-motor area?

A

1) storage of motor programs
2) INVOLUNTARY coordination of the COARSE movement of axial muscles
3) inhibitory action to the muscle tone
4) sends afferent fibers to PMA
5) also sends some pyramidal fibers

note: it receives afferent fibers from 1)thalamus 2) cerebellum 3)basal ganglia

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17
Q

what are the functions of SMA

A

1) postural stabilization
2) coordination of the movement of both sides of the body
3) the control of sequences of movement

note: lesions in this area will be not definite, because the pre-motor area covers for it

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18
Q

describe the frontal eye field

A

it is located in the middle gyrus (area number 8), In front of area number 6
function: VOULUNTARY tracking of movement on the opposite side
lesion : will cause the eyes to move to the same side of the lesion

note: in the occipital lobe there is the occipital eye field which is responsible for the involuntary tracking of movement on the opposite side

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19
Q

describe Broca’s area

A

area 44,45 . it is located in the inferior frontal lobe.
function: coordination of muscles of larynx, mouth,
tongue and palate to produce fluid speech.

note: it is connected to Wernicke’s area through arcuate fibers
lesion: causes motor aphasia, (non-fluent aphasia)

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20
Q

a lesion in the PSA will cause?

A

contralateral hemianesthesia

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21
Q

what are is sensory association area

A

area 5 and 7

lesion will cause Astereognosis

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22
Q

lesions of the visual cortex

A

lesion in area 17: contralateral homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing
lesion in area 18/19 : visual agnosia and color blindness

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23
Q

describe the primary auditory area

A

area 41 and 42 ,receive impulses from both ears (both ears are represented on it) . located in the superior temporal gyrus

lesion will cause a hearing deficit mainly in the opposite ear.

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24
Q

describe the auditory association area?

A

area 22. the back of the superior temporal gyrus, along with Wernicke’s area (area’s 22, 39, 40),
lesion will lead to auditory agnosia

note: the rest of the temporal lobe is related to memory (remember the para hippocampal, the fusiform and the inferior temporal lobe)

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25
describe each of vestibular area, gustatory area, olfactory area
vestibular area: the posterior part of the superior temporal gyrus gustatory area: inferior part of the post-central gyrus (area 43) + insula olfactory area: uncus (piriform area) +para-hippocampal gyrus
26
which area is responsible for judgment, FORESIGHT and personality
visual association area note : the main area responsible for the judgment and the personality is the prefrontal association area ( 9,10,11,12); a lesion in this area will cause psychological and neurological disorders
27
sensory language area ? (also known as Wernicke area)
they are area's 22,39,40, found in both temporal and parietal lobe. note: area 39 is known as angular gyrus, area 40 is known as supramarginal gyrus very important note: they receive both visual and auditory sensation,
28
distinguish between agnosia, apraxia ,aphasia
aphasia: motor and sensory aphasia, global aphasia, conduction aphasia agnosia: visual and auditory agnosia apraxia: lesion in area number 6 OR IN THE POSTERIOR PARIETAL LOBE, can also be due to split brain syndrome(cut of the corpus callosum)
29
the uncinate fasciculus and the cingulum bundle connect between what and what
uncinate fasciculus connects between frontal and temporal lobes the cingulum bundle connects between frontal, parietal and temporal lobes
30
piriform fossa
has a role in smell and in fast acute pain the 2 fossae are connected together by the anterior commissure
31
the function of the habenular commissure
connect the two amygdaloid nuclei
32
true or false | the fornix is part of the limbic system
true
33
describe the fornix
the posterior part of the fornix ( crura ) is formed from the hippocampus and the anterior horn of the fornix forms the mammillary body (which is the nucleus of the hypothalamus) the fornix commissure( hippocampal commissure ) connects both fornices note: the crura arches around the posterior surface of the thalamus note: you must differentiate between the para-hippocampal gyrus and the hippocampus , as the para-hippocampal gyrus is connected to the cingulate gyrus while the hippocampus form the crura of the fornix
34
true or false | the corpus callosum connects all parts of the cerebral cortex
false, all parts except a small part in the TEMPORAL lobe which is connected by the anterior commissure
35
corpus callosum
forceps minor originate from the genu and connects the frontal lobes forceps major originate from the splenium and connects the occipital lobes tapetum :connect the rest
36
true or false | all the corpus callosum parts are supplied by the anterior cerebral artery
false, the posterior part is supplied by the posterior cerebral artery
37
what are the type of radiations which arise from the thalamus ?
1) sensory radiation -> to area 3,1,2 -> from the posterior-lateral-ventral nucleus( PLVNT) 2) anterior thalamic radiation -> to the cingulate gyrus -> from the anterior thalamic nucleus (have to do with the limbic system) 3) visual radiation (posterior thalamic radiation) -> from the LGN to area 17 4) auditory radiation (inferior thalamic radiation) -> from the MGN to area 41, 42
38
name the projection fiber coming from the cortex
1) pyramidal 2) extrapyramidal 3) cortico-Ponto-cerebellar tract 4) cortico-thalamic tract
39
describe the contents of the arms of the internal capsule
anterior arm-> motor : cortico-Ponto-cerebellar tract sensory: anterior thalamic radiation genu: corticobulbar posterior arm-> motor(anterior part) : pyramidal tracts sensory(posterior part) : sensory radiation retro lentiform-> sensory: visual radiation( posterior thalamic radiation) sub lentiform-> sensory: auditory radiation(inferior thalamic radiation)
40
what is the function of the basal ganglia
``` postural control voluntary control of movement: -Initiation of movement. - Change from one pattern to another. - Learning skill (singing, drawing) - Programming and correcting movement while in progress. ```
41
true or false | Thalamus has a medial relationship with BG.
true
42
what are the parts of the basal ganglia
1) striatum(caudate nucleus + putamen) 2) lentiform nucleus( putamen = Globus pallidus) 3) subthalamic nuclei 4) substania nigra 5) amygdala 6) claustrum
43
the central body of the lateral ventricle extends from to
from the interventricular duct to the splenium of corpus callosum
44
the interventricular foramen is located ?
anterior to the thalamus and posterior to the anterior horn of the fornix
45
what does the trigone contain
it contains the glomus(choroid plexus tuft)
46
true or false the choroid plexus enters through the caudate fissure which is between the fornix superiorly and the thalamus inferiorly , it enters through the MEDIAL wall
true
47
true or false Stria terminalis between thalamus and caudate related to limbic system (it has a pathway connects between amygdala and ventral nucleus of the hypothalamus) .
true
48
true or false | the tapetum form the roof and the medial wall of the posterior horn of the lateral ventricles
false, it forms the roof and the LATERAL wall | note: the tapetum also forms the lateral wall of the inferior horn
49
the choroid plexus is made of?
tela choroida :two layers of pia matter covered by | ependymal cells .
50
the lamina terminalis is between
the optic chiasm and the anterior horn
51
what is the Tuber cinereum
it is one the nuclei of the hypothalamus and it holds the infundibulum of the pituitary glands
52
describe the lateral recesses
curve around the inferior cerebellar peduncle & open by lateral apertures in the subarachnoid space at the flocculus.
53
true or false Anterior + posterior cerebral artery -> lateral ventricle/ Posterior cerebral artery -> 3rd ventricle/ Posterior inferior cerebellar artery -> 4th ventricle
true
54
true or false choroid plexuses in the medial wall of the lateral ventricles & the roof of the 3rd & 4th ventricles
true
55
the blood brain barrier is formed from
endothelial layer with tight junctions thick basement membrane astrocytes
56
the BBB exists in all parts of the brain except
hypothalamus, | pineal gland, and area postrema
57
the posterior notch of the cerebellum is known as
vallecula; it contains the flex cerebelli
58
what is the smallest unit of the cerebellum called
folia
59
the most anterior part of the superior vermis is ?
lingula
60
very very very very important note: all the fibers from the fastigial nucleus give BILATERAL excitatory fibers
ok
61
a lesion in the paleocerebellar is tested by
heel shin test
62
a lesion in the neocerebellar is tested by
finger to nose test.
63
true or false | the anterior thalamic group sends fibers to the cingulate gyrus
true
64
what are the functions of the hypothalamus ?
1) homeostasis 2) limbic function 3) autonomic function 4) endocrine control
65
what is the function of the epithalamus?
plays a role in the limbic system , plays a role in the smell pathway secretes melatonin control the pituitary gland through the hypothalamus
66
what are the nuclei of the subthalamus ?
1) subthalamic nuclei 2) substantia nigra and red nuclei 3) zona increta
67
the anterior and posterior neuropores are obliterated on which days
days 25 and 27 respectively
68
true or false | the neuroblasts in the intermediate zone give rise to the astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia
false | the microglia is derived from the mesenchyme
69
true or false | the roof plate is dorsal while the floor plate is ventral
true
70
the groove that appears in the lateral wall is known as?
sulcus limitans
71
at birth the spinal cord is at the level of ?
L3
72
at what months does the resorption of the roof of the medulla oblongata occur ?
at the 4th and 5th months , forming lateral foramina of Luschka, and a median foramen of Magendie.
73
what does each of the alar , basal and marginal palates form in the midbrain
the alar form the tectum basal palate forms the motor nuclei of the tegmentum (in general the tegmentum) the marginal forms the crus cerebri
74
what does each of the anterior and posterior wall of the roof palate of the diencephalon form and what does the floor of the diencephalon form
the anterior part of the roof forms: the choroid plexus of the 3rd ventricle the posterior part forms: the pineal gland the floor forms the posterior part of the pituitary gland
75
what layer of the cerebral hemispheres form the BG
the mantel layer
76
circle of Willis is protected by
the interpeduncular cisterna
77
what are the boundaries for the circle of willis?
anterior: the optic chiasm posteriorly: the upper part of the pons anterolaterally : the optic tract posterolateral: the crus cerebri
78
what are the contents of the interpeduncular cisterna
circle of willis posterior perforated substance oculomotor nerve tuber cinereum +infundibulum
79
what are the branches of the internal carotid artery?
1) anterior and middle cerebral arteries 2) anterior choroidal artery 3) posterior communicating artery 4) ophthalmic artery 5) anterior pituitary artery
80
what is the other name for the anterior cerebral artery
medial striate artery
81
true or false | all parts of the corpus callosum are supplied by the ACA
false, the splenium is supplied by the PCA
82
the putamen is supplied by which artery
ACA
83
the midbrain is supplied by ?
posterior cerebral artery
84
the temporal pole of the tentorial surface is supplied by?
the middle cerebral artery
85
what is the name of the branch of the middle cerebral artery that is supplies the posterior limb of the internal capsule
Charcot artery of the cerebral hemorrhage

CNS (11 decks)

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