Anatomy and Function of the Nervous System

Question 1

Cells - Glia

Answer 1

Small cells in larger supply than neurons that exchange chemicals with adjacent neurons

Astrocytes, Microglia, Oligodendrocyes / Schwann cells, Radial glia

Question 2

Cells - Glia, Astrocytes

Answer 2

Wrap around the presynaptic terminal and take up chemicals such as neurotransmitters or hormones

Synchronise axon activity

Control blood flow

Question 3

Cells - Glia, Microglia

Answer 3

Remove waste and microorganisms

Function as part of the immune system

Question 4

Cells - Glia, Oligodendrocytes / Schwann cells

Answer 4

Within central and peripheral nervous system

Form myelin sheaths to insulate axons and speed up transmission

Question 5

Cells - Glia, Radial glia

Answer 5

Guide neuron migration during embryo development

Tendency to differentiate into neurons later

Question 6

Cells - Neuron, Synaptic Cleft

Answer 6

Space between the presynaptic and postsynaptic neuron membranes across which neurotransmitters diffuse

Used in neuron communication

Question 7

Cells - Neuron, Dendrite

Answer 7

Brings impulses into the neuron

Question 8

Cells - Neuron, Soma

Answer 8

Cell body containing the nucleus and other organelles for cell functioning

Question 9

Cells - Neuron, Axon

Answer 9

Allows transmission along the neuron through electrical current

Question 10

Cells - Neuron, Node of Ranvier

Answer 10

Gap between myelin sheaths where depolarisation and repolarisation take place, allowing saltatory conduction

Question 11

Cells - Neuron, Myelin Sheath

Answer 11

Insulating layer made up fo Schwann cells / Oligodendrocytes to allow saltatory conduction and speed up transmission

Question 12

Cells - Neuron, Presynaptic Terminal

Answer 12

End of the axon where chemicals are released into the synaptic cleft

Question 13

Cells - Neuron, Motor Neuron

Answer 13

Conducts impulses from the CNS to effector cells

Soma sits within the spinal cord, axon leaves the spina cord

Question 14

Cells - Neuron, Sensory Neuron

Answer 14

Conducuts impules from specialised receptor cells to CNS

Soma sits to the side of the axon

Question 15

Cells - Neuron, Intrinsic / Intermediate Neuron

Answer 15

Conducts impulses between sensory and motor neurons

Entire neuron including dendrites and axon terminals is contained within the structure that the neuron is found

Question 16

Nervous System - Peripheral, Somatic

Answer 16

Controls voluntary muscles

Conveys sensory information from sensory receptors to CNS

Conscious and voluntary

Question 17

Nervous System - Peripheral

Answer 17

Somatic and Autonomic systems

Question 18

Nervous System - Peripheral, Autonomic

Answer 18

Sends and receives messages for homeostatic purposes

Unconscious and involuntary

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

Question 19

Nervous System - Peripheral, Autonomic, Sympathetic

Answer 19

Prepares organs for activity, monitoring the fight-or-flight response

Postganglionic synapses use norepinephrine

Question 20

Nervous System - Peripheral, Autonomic, Parasympathetic

Answer 20

Vegetative, non-emergency responses

Postganglionic synapses use acetylcholine
Preganglionic axons are long and extend from the spinal cord

Question 21

Nervous System - Central

Answer 21

Brain and Spinal Cord

Question 22

Nervous System - Central, Spinal Cord

Answer 22

Made up of 31 pairs of spinal nerves connecting the brain and body with the spinal column

Receives sensory information and sends signals to the motor system

Connected to thr spinal nerve by the ventral routes

Question 23

Nervous System - Central, Spinal Cord, Grey matter

Answer 23

Made up of cell bodies and dendrites

In the centre of the spinal cord

Question 24

Nervous System - Central, Spinal Cord, White matter

Answer 24

Made up of myelinated axons

In the outer of the spina cord

Question 25

Nervous System - Brain

Answer 25

Subcortical structures - Hindbrain, Midbrain, Forebrain Ventricles 4 lobes of Cerebral Cortex - Temporal, Frontal, Occipital, Parietal

Question 26

Nervous System - Brain, Blood-Brain Barrier

Answer 26

Wall alongside the brain's blood vessel to minimise risk of irreparable brain damage Some small, lipid-solube, uncharged molecules can diffuse across it Larger molecules such as glucose or amino acids require active transport

Question 27

Nervous System - Brain, Nourishment

Answer 27

Relies on glucose and ketones which can cross the blood-brain barrier Thiamine is required to enable glucose consumption, and deficiency can cause neuron death or memory impairment

Question 28

Nervous System - Brain, Hindbrain

Answer 28

Posterior of the brain Medulla, Pons, Cerebellum

Question 29

Nervous System - Brain, Hindbrain, Medulla

Answer 29

Above the sponal cord, responsible for reflexes Controls sensations of the head from 12 pairs of cranial nerves

Question 30

Nervous System - Brain, Hindbrain, Pons

Answer 30

Either side of the Medulla Contains the nuclei of some cranical nerves Made up of the reticular formation and raphe system which increase arousal and readiness

Question 31

Nervous System - Brain, Hindbrain, Cerebellum

Answer 31

Base of the brain that has many deep folds Regulates motor movement, balance and coordination, also aiding attention-switching between audition and vision

Question 32

Nervous System - Brain, Midbrain

Answer 32

Tectum and Tegmentum

Question 33

Nervous System - Brain, Midbrain, Tectum

Answer 33

Superior colliculi for visual processing Inferior colliculi for auditory processing

Question 34

Nervous System - Brain, Midbrain, Tegmentum

Answer 34

Intermdiate level with cranical nerves Also part of the reticular formation

Question 35

Nervous System - Brain, Ventricles

Answer 35

Fluid-filled cavity in the brain containing cerebrospinal fluid to cushion mechanical shock, provide buoyancy and act as a hormone / nutritional reservoir

Question 36

Nervous System - Brain, Cerebral Cortex

Answer 36

Cellular layers on the outer cerebral hemispheres Occipital, Parietal, Temporal, Frontal lobes

Question 37

Nervous System - Brain, Cerebral Cortex, Occipital Lobe

Answer 37

Posterior of the brain Vision

Question 38

Nervous System - Brain, Cerebral Cortex, Parietal Lobe

Answer 38

Including postcentral gyrus Touch and position processing

Question 39

Nervous System - Brain, Cerebral Cortex, Temporal Lobe

Answer 39

At the temples underneath Parietal lobe Audition, speech and eye movement

Question 40

Nervous System - Brain, Cerebral Cortex, Frontal Lobe

Answer 40

At the front including prefrontal and precentral gyri Motor movement and executive function

Question 41

Nervous System - Brain, Forebrain

Answer 41

Formed of 2 hemispheres joined by the Corpus Callosum Contaisn the Cerebral Cortex and Subcortical structures such as the limbic system, diencephalon, pituitary gland, basal ganglia and hippocampus Lateralised so that each hemisphere receives sensory information from the opposite side of the body

Question 42

Nervous System - Brain, Forebrain, Limbic System

Answer 42

Involved in motivation, emotion, memory, aggression and drive Olfactory bulb, hippocampus, hypothalamus, amygdala, cingulate gyrus

Question 43

Nervous System - Brain, Forebrain, Diencephalon

Answer 43

Thalamus and Hypothalamus

Question 44

Nervous System - Brain, Forebrain, Diencephalon, Thalamus

Answer 44

Sensory organ structure Main input received from the sensory source relayed to the cortex

Question 45

Nervous System - Brain, Forebrain, Diencephalon, Hypothalamus

Answer 45

Conveys messages to the Pituitary Gland to alter hormone release Influenced by behaviours and drives

Question 46

Nervous System - Brain, Forebrain, Pituitary Gland

Answer 46

Gland at the base of thr Hypothalamus Produces hormones involved in homeostasis

Question 47

Nervous System - Brain, Forebrain, Basal Ganglia

Answer 47

Influences planning of movement, memory and emotional expression (disgust) Formed of caudate nucleus, putamen and globus pallidus

Question 48

Nervous System - Brain, Forebrain, Hippocampus

Answer 48

Involved in the storage of memories