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SP604 > Wakefulness and Sleep > Flashcards

Wakefulness and Sleep Flashcards

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1
Q

Cycles - Cues, Endogenous

A

Originate from inside the body

e.g. melatonin

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2
Q

Cycles - Cues, Exogenous

A

Originate from outside the body

Helps to keep internal state in sync with external environment

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3
Q

Cycles - Cues, Exogenous, Zeitgeber

A

Exogenous cue that resets circadian rhythms

e.g. light

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4
Q

Cycles - Rhythms, Circadian

A

About a day

e.g. hunger, temperature, sleep

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5
Q

Cycles - Rhythms, Circannual

A

About a year

e.g. migration, hibernation

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6
Q

Cycles - Disruption, Shift work, Akerstedt 1998

A

Different hours of work in different patterns temporarily disrupt sleeping patterns
Short term shifts do not affect sleep cycles or rhythms

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7
Q

Cycles - Disruptions, Light, Kelly et al 1999

A

Naval officers see no true light while on ship

Sleep schedules shift due to the lack of zeitgebers

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8
Q

Cycles - Disruptions, Light, Roenneberg et al 2007

A

Sun rises in East Germany 30 minutes prior to West Germany despite same ‘time’
People in East Germany wake up and eat 30 minutes earlier than those in West Germany

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9
Q

Cycles - Disruptions, Jet Lag

A

Disruption of sleep cycle due to crossing of time zones

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10
Q

Cycles - Disruptions, Jet Lag, Phase Delay

A

Travelling West

Have to go through the day later than normal
Easier to adapt to, can force self to stay awake or eat later

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11
Q

Cycles - Disruptions, Jet Lag, Phase Advance

A

Travelling East

Have to go through the day earlier than normal
More difficult to adjust to, difficult to force self to sleep or eat early

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12
Q

Cycles - Influence of Age, Newborns

A

Sleep 16 / 18 hours per day, on / off

More sleep means more growth hormone release, encouraging growth and development

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13
Q

Cycles - Influence of Age, 16 weeks

A

Sleep 14 / 15 hours per day, longer nights and day naps

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14
Q

Cycles - Influence of Age, 3-5 years

A

Sleep 10 / 12 hours per day

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15
Q

Cycles - Influence of Age, 3-5 years, Cremone et al 2017

A

Naps enhance performance of infants

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16
Q

Cycles - Influence of Age, Adolescence

A

8 hours per day, through the night

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17
Q

Cycles - Influence of Age, Old Age

A

6 / 7 hours per day

Decreased melatonin release
Effect on memory consolidation

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18
Q

Biological Clock - Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

A

Part of the hypothalamus above the optic chiasm

SCN cells fire in a particular rhythm, controlling circadian rhythm of sleep and temperature
Genetically controlled

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19
Q

Biological Clock - Suprachiasmatic Nucleus, Effect of light

A

Light resets SCN firing via the hypothalamic pathway

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20
Q

Biological Clock - Suprachiasmatic Nucleus, Effect of light, Melanopsin

A

Retinaphotopigment which reacts to light, inducing sleepiness in low levels

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21
Q

Biological Clock - Suprachiasmatic Nucleus, Lourdes et al 2014

A

Damage to SCN results in irregular sleeping rhythms

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22
Q

Biological Clock - Suprachiasmatic Nucleus, Reppert et al 1981

A

Damage to SCN impacts hormone levels in monkeys

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23
Q

Biological Clock - Genetics

A

Code for proteins

PER = Period
TIM = Timeless
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24
Q

Biological Clock - Genetics, High PER + TIM

A

Interact with CLOCK gene to produce sleepiness

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25
Biological Clock - Genetics, Low PER + TIM
Do not interact with CLOCK gene, producing wakefulness
26
Biological Clock - Genetics, Damaged CLOCK
Results in erratic sleeping patterns
27
Biological Clock - Melatonin
Hormone released by the pineal gland to regulate sleepiness, controlled by SCN Released 2 / 3 hours before sleep to allow preparation
28
Biological Clock - Melatonin, Tan et al 2010
Reduced melatonin release in old age could explain why older people sleep less
29
Measures of Sleep - EEG
Used to discover sleep stages based on brain waves throughout sleep cycles
30
Measures of Sleep - Polysomnograph
Records eye movements and electrical activity during sleep
31
Measures of Sleep - Actigraph Watch
Measures movement during sleep
32
Stages of Sleep - Stage 1
Light sleep - when sleep begins Alpha brain waves, irregular, jagged and low voltage Decline in brain activity 5% of sleep
33
Stages of Sleep - Stage 2
Beginning of true sleep Sleep spindles of 12-14 Hz half second waves K-complexes of short, high amplitude, slow waves 50% of sleep
34
Stages of Sleep - Stage 3/4
Deep sleep Delta brain waves, low, large amplitude Slowing of breathing and heart rate, low brain activity Synchronised neuron movement 15-20% of sleep
35
Stages of Sleep - REM
Paradoxical sleep showing characteristics of deep and light sleep Irregular, low voltage, fast waves - Stage 1 Relaxed postural muscles - Stage 3/4 20-25% of sleep
36
Stages of Sleep - Non-REM
Stage 1 - 4 Cycle of approximately 90 minutes from 1 to 4 to 2 to REM, then back to 2 again
37
Interruptions of Consciousness - Coma
Extended period of unconsciousness Low steady activity, low response to pain
38
Interruptions of Consciousness - Vegetative state
Alternate between sleep and arousal state No awareness of painful stimuli
39
Interruptions of Consciousness - Minimally Conscious
Brief periods of action Limited comprehension of surroundings
40
Interruptions of Consciousness - Locked-in
Aware and awake but cannot communicate
41
Interruptions of Consciousness - Brain dead
No activity or response to stimuli
42
Functions of Sleep - Evolutionary Theory
Sleep conserves energy when we are at our least efficient (depending on nocturnal / non) Animals lower on the food chain sleep less to aid survival escaping predators Birds' circannual rhythms allow less sleep during migration
43
Functions of Sleep - Repair & Restoration
Sleep allows repair after a day of work
44
Functions of Sleep - Repair & Restoration, Alhola & Palokantala 2007
Sleep deprivationn impairs attention | Sleep allows repair of this deficiency
45
Functions of Sleep - Repair & Restoration, Takahashi et al 1968
Growth hormone is released during sleep allowing for development Explains why babies sleep more than adults
46
Functions of Sleep - Repair & Restoration, Xie et al 2013
Sleep allows removal of metabolites and toxins
47
Functions of Sleep - Repair & Restoration, Jenkins & Dallenboch 1924
Sleep improves memory and this is not reparative so cannot be its only function
48
Functions of Sleep - Repair & Restoration, Ferrera et al 2012
Hippocampal activity during sleep indicates memory consolidation
49
Mechanisms of Sleep - von Econom 1917
Examined brains of those who died from encephilitis lethargica Those who were comatosed before death had lesions of posterior hypothalamus in upper midbrain = wakefulness centre Those who were insominiac before death had lesions of anterior hypothalamus = sleep centre
50
Mechanisms of Sleep - Brain Structure, Stem
Receives sensory input Damage results in coma
51
Mechanisms of Sleep - Brain Structure, Stem, Mouzzi & Morgan 1949
Reticular formation stimulation increases arousal | Damage decreases wakefulness
52
Mechanisms of Sleep - Brain Structure, Hypothalamus, Histamine
Releases histamine which excites the brain
53
Mechanisms of Sleep - Brain Structure, Hypothalamus, Lateral / Posterior Nuclei
Releases orexin which stimulates wakefulness | Extends to basal forebrain
54
Mechanisms of Sleep - Brain Structure, Hypothalamus, Basal Forebrain
Has axons in the thalamus and cerebral cortex Releases acetylcholine for stimulation Releases GABA for inhibition Damage depends on which system and neurotransmitter is affects
55
Mechanisms of Sleep - Brain Structure, Pontomenscephalon
Receives sensory input from sensory systems Extends to forebrain, releasing acetylcholine and glutamate to stimulate the brain, maintaining arousal
56
Mechanisms of Sleep - Brain Structure, Locus Coeruleus
Within the pons Emits impulses in response to meaningfulness Release norepinephrine, stimulating wakefulness
57
Mechanisms of Sleep - Neurotransmitters, Inhibitory
e.g. GABA Decrease temperature, metabolism, neuronal stimulation Increased during sleep
58
Mechanisms of Sleep - Neurotransmitters, Exhibitory
e.g. acetylcholine, norepinephrine, orexin, histamine Increases arousal Increased during wakefulness
59
Mechanisms of Sleep - REM
Triggered by activity in pons Increased limbic system, parital and temporal acitivation Decreased primary visual, motor and dorsolateral cortex activity
60
Mechanisms of Sleep - REM, Pons-Geniculate-Occipital Waves
PGO waves in REM sleep High amplitude Appear in other stages of sleep if REM is disrupted But no link to human sleep yet due to intrusivity
61
Sleep Disorders / Dyssomnias
Changes in the amount of, timing or restfulness of sleep
62
Sleep Disorders / Dyssomnias - Parasomnia
Abnormal sleep behaviours
63
Sleep Disorders / Dyssomnias - Parasomnia, Night terrors
Frightening 'dreams' | Occur in non-REM sleep
64
Sleep Disorders / Dyssomnias - Parasomnia, Sleep-talking and Sleep-walking
Tendency to run in families | In both non-REM and REM sleep
65
Sleep Disorders / Dyssomnias - Insomnia
Difficulty falling or staying asleep | May be caused by stress, anxiety, pain or stimulants
66
Sleep Disorders / Dyssomnias - Restless leg syndrome
Irresistible urge to move legs
67
Sleep Disorders / Dyssomnias - Narcolepsy
Excessive daytime sleepiness
68
Sleep Disorders / Dyssomnias - Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Stopping breathing during sleep | Correlates to neuron loss and cognitive deficit
69
Dreams - Recording
MRI or EEG | Woken intermittently to record dreams
70
Dreams - Effect of Food, Fruit Juice
Maintains the nervous system | Results in vivid dreams
71
Dreams - Effect of Food, Dairy
Produces amino acids which stimulate melatonin | Increases sleepiness
72
Dreams - Effect of Food, Spice
Increases temperature | Results in nightmares
73
Dreams - Effect of Food, Fat
Results in negative dreams
74
Dreams - Explanation, Activation-Synthesis Theory, Hobson & McCorley 1977
Dreams are an effort to make sense of the days' infromation Dreams are caused by physiological brain processes that occur during sleep
75
Dreams - Explanation, Activation-Synthesis Theory, Pons
Spontaneous pons activity activate the cortex Patterns of activity across the cortex combine to synthesis stories from information previously encountered Explains recurring dreams where the same patterns of activation produce the same dreams
76
Dreams - Explanation, Clinico-Anatomic Theory
Dreams begin with arousal stimuli that are generated by the brain Stimulation combine with memories and sensory information to synthesise stories
77
Dreams - Explanation, Clinico-Anatomic Theory, Brain Activity
Increase inferior parital cortex and visual cortex activity, similar to thought Increase hypothalamus and amygdala activity, similar to emotion experience If prefrontal activity is inhibited, working memory is impaired and dreams are not remembered in the same way any wakeful information would not be

SP604 (9 decks)

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