Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
includes anatomical terms, nervous system, the human brain, neuroanatomy, blood supply, connecting fibers, cranial nerves, and head and neck (171 cards)
1
Q
nerves
A
axons bound together by connective tissue
2
Q
tracts
A
- group of fibers inside the CNS
- spinal tracts carry info up/down the
3
Q
afferent
A
- sensory nerves
- signal comes up from sensory organ via nerve to brain (arrives)
4
Q
pyramidal
A
- tracts originate in the cerebral cortex
- carry fibers to spinal cord/brainstem
- voluntary control (body and face muscles)
5
Q
extrapyramidal tracts
A
- tracts originate in brainstem
- carry fibers to spinal cord
- involuntary and automatic control (tone, balance, posture, etc.)
6
Q
upper motor neurons (UMN)
A
- found in cerebral cortex/brainstem
- transmit nerve impulses from brain to lower motor neurons (LMN)
7
Q
lower motor neuron (LMN)
A
- found in brainstem/spinal cord
- transmit nerve impulses from upper motor neurons (UMN) to muscles
8
Q
corticospinal
A
- synapse/terminate in spinal cord
- controls movements in limbs and trunk
- corticospinal, *think spinal cord
9
Q
corticobulbar
A
- synapse/terminate in brainstem
- controls muscles of face, head, and neck
- corticobulbar, *think brainstem
10
Q
unilateral
A
one side innervating
11
Q
bilateral
A
both sides innervating
12
Q
ipsilateral
A
same side of body
13
Q
contralateral
A
opposite side of body
14
Q
proximal
A
near given position
15
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distal
A
away from give position
16
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anterior
A
in front of
17
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posterior
A
behind
18
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superior
A
above
19
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inferior
A
below
20
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rostral
A
front, towards the nose
21
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caudal
A
back, towards the tail
22
Q
central nervous system (CNS) includes…
A
brain and spinal cord
23
Q
peripheral nervous system (PNS) includes…
A
all other nerves that are not in brain/spinal cord
24
Q
sensory (afferent)
A
impulses go up (arrive) to CNS
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motor (efferent)
impulses go down (exit) from CNS to muscles
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somatic
- voluntary
- skeletal muscles
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autonomic
- involuntary
- cardiac and smooth muscles, glands
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autonomic system includes...
- parasympathetic division
- sympathetic division
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parasympathetic division
controls body functions at rest
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sympathetic division
fight, flight, or freeze response
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major divisions of the brain
1. forebrain
2. midbrain
3. hindbrain
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forebrain includes...
- telencephalon
- diencephalon
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midbrain includes...
mesencephalon
34
hindbrain includes...
- metencephalon
- myelencephalon
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forebrain functions
processes sensory information, reasoning/problem solving, automatic, motor functions
36
telencephalon
cerebral cortex divided into 4 major lobes
1. frontal
2. parietal
3. temporal
4. occipital
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diencephalon
- connects endocrine with nervous system
- thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal gland
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midbrain
- regulates movement, processes auditory and visual information
- connects forebrain to the hindbrain
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2 main parts of the midbrain
1. tectum
2. paired cerebral peduncles
40
hindbrain functions
regulates autonomic functions, balance, equilibrium, relay of sensory information
41
metencephalon includes...
pons and cerebellum
42
myelencephalon includes...
medula oblongata
43
cerebrum: location
front area of skull, composed of 2 hemispheres (left/right)
44
cerebrum: function
- "thinking portion" of brain
- most complex cognitive functions
45
brainstem: location
- base of brain-cerebrum juncture + spinal cord
- midbrain, pons, and medulla
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brainstem: function
automatic reflexes/vegetative functions (e.g., breathing, heart rate, etc.)
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cerebellum: location
hangs off back of brainstem under occipital lobe
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cerebellum: function
- voluntary movements
- balance, coordination, posture, attention
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medulla: location
lower portion of brainstem, below pons
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medulla: function
regulates respiration, heart rate + reflexes such as vomiting, swallowing
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pons: location
middle portion of the brainstem
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pons: function
attachment between cerebellum and rest of CNS
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midbrain: location
upper (superior) most part of brainstem
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midbrain: function
houses substantia nigra (production of neurotransmitter - dopamine)
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basal ganglia: location
- deep within the cerebral hemispheres (either side of the thalamus)
- telencephalon
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basal ganglia: function
fine-tunes voluntary body movements, motor coordination, posture
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spinal cord: location
- housed within bony vertebral column
- PNS begins here
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spinal cord: function
allows afferent impulses to transmit to brain + efferent from brain to body
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thalamus: location
- top of brainstem
- core of diencephalon
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thalamus: function
relay center for sensory signals, and also motor
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hypothalamus: location
- below thalamus
- posterior to optic chiasm
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hypothalamus: function
homeostasis, regulates hunger/thirst, pain/pleasure, anger/aggression
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hippocampus: location
within inferior and medical section of temporal lobe
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hippocampus: function
responsible for new memories, emotions, spatial navigation
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amygdala: location
nuclei located within temporal lobes
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amygdala: function
responsible for emotions, arousal, motivation
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Heschl's gyrus: location
Brodmann's area 41
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Heschl's gyrus: function
auditory processing/sensory hearing area
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angular gyrus: location
Brodmann's area 39
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angular gyrus: function
involved in semantic processing, language, and cognition
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Broca's area
- #44
- motor speech area, speech production
72
Wernicke's area
- #22
- language comprehension area
- processing
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primary visual area
- #17
- visual processing area
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primary sensory area
- #1, 2, 3
- somatic sensations processing area
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primary motor area
- #4
- planning + execution of movements
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left hemisphere
- language dominant hemisphere
- damage = aphasia
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right hemisphere
- supporting language hemisphere
- damage = higher-order language and perceptual damage
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frontal lobe
- primary motor area, controls executive function + motor
- Broca's area (speech production), memory, attention, motivation
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temporal lobe
- auditory processing and comprehension
- Wernicke's area (language comprehension/processing), memory
80
parietal lobe
- sensory motor area
- spatial reasoning, math, reading, hearing, smell, taste, touch
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occipital lobe
- visual area
- receives visual cues from opposite visual field, color identification
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circle of willis
connects the internal carotid and vertebral/basilar system
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anterior cerebral artery
extends upward and forward from internal carotid artery
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anterior cerebral artery: blood supply
frontal and parietal lobes, basal ganglia, and corpus collosum
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anterior cerebral artery: stroke in ACA
opposite leg weakness
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middle cerebral artery
largest branch of internal carotid
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middle cerebral artery: blood supply
Broca and Wernicke, temporal lobe, and primary motor cortex
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middle cerebral artery: stroke in MCA
MCA is the artery that is most often occluded in a stroke
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posterior cerebral artery
stem from basilar artery (in most people)
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posterior cerebral artery: blood supply
occipital lobes, cerebellum, and inferior temporal
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posterior cerebral artery: stroke in PCA
usually 2 to embolism from lower segments of vertebral heart
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white matter
3 primary types in the CNS
1. association fibers
2. commissural fibers
3. projection fibers
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association fibers
- intra hemispheric (within the same hemisphere)
- connect different regions of the cerebral cortex within same hemispheres
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commissural fibers
- inter hemispheric (connects right and left hemispheres)
- interconnect identical and corresponding areas of 2 cerebral hemispheres
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projection fibers
- fibers that leave cerebral white matter
- connect cerebral cortex to the brainstem and below
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CN I
- olfactory
- sensory
- smell
- origin: cerebral hemispheres
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CN II
- optic
- sensory
- vision
- origin: thalamus
98
CN III
- oculomotor
- motor
- pupil, eye movement
- origin: midbrain
99
CN IV
- trochlear
- motor
- eye movement (down and in)
- origin: midbrain
100
CN V
- trigeminal
- mixed
- somatic sensation: face, lips, and jaw
- muscles of mastication
- origin: pons
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CN VI
- abducens
- motor
- eye movement (side and out)
- origin: pons
102
CN VII
- facial
- mixed
- taste: anterior 2/3 of tongue
- lips and facial movement, expression
- origin: pons
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CN VIII
- vestibulocochlear
- sensory
- hearing and balance
- origin: pons, medulla
104
CN IX
- glossopharyngeal
- mixed
- taste: posterior 1/3 of tongue
- pharynx movement (superior portion)
- origin: medulla
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CN X
- vagus
- mixed
- sensation of larynx, pharynx, abdominal muscles
- larynx, pharynx, and velum movement
- origin: medulla
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CN XI
- accessory
- motor
- shoulder and neck muscles, also assists vagus nerve movement
- origin: medulla, spinal cord
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CN XII
- glossopharyngeal
- motor
- tongue movement
- origin: medulla
108
6 cranial nerves important for speech
1. CN V trigeminal
2. CN VII facial
3. CN IX glossopharyngeal
4. CN X vagus
5. CN XI acessory
6. CN XII hypoglossal
109
CN V trigeminal: motor
- muscles of mastication
- elevation of hyoid and larynx
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CN V trigeminal: sensory
- face sensation (forehead/cheek/chin)
- position of bolus in mouth/cheeks
- oral mucosa, teeth, and gums sensation
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CN VII facial: motor
- facial expression muscles
- shape, motion, and seal of lips
- tone and movement of cheeks
- elevation of hyoid
112
CN VII facial: sensory
- taste sensation (anterior 2/3 tongue)
- face/oral cavity/soft palate sensation
- stimulates salivary glands
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CN IX glossopharyngeal: motor
- stylopharyngeous muscle
- larynx/pharynx elevation
- pharyngeal constriction/shortening
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CN IX glossopharyngeal: sensory
- taste sensation (posterior 1/3 tongue)
- stimulates parotid gland (saliva)
- gag reflex
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CN X vagus: motor
- intrinsic laryngeal muscles
- velopharyngeal closure and approximation
- constriction of esophagus, peristalsis
- pharyngeal, superior, and recurrent
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CN X vagus: sensory
- sensation of food residue in larynx, pharynx, and esophagus
- larynx, pharynx, external ear, trachea, esophagus, and diaphragm
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CN XI accessory: motor
- sternocleidomastoid
- temporalis muscles
- velopharyngeal closure
- head turning, shoulder shrug
118
CN XII hypoglossal: motor
- innervates all intrinsic muscles of tongue and all but 1 extrinsic
- tongue motion, bolus preparation, removing food particles, bolus mix with saliva
- transporting bolus to pharynx
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mastication muscles
group of 4 muscles responsible for chewing
120
elevator muscles
1. masseter
2. temporalis
3. medial pterygoid
121
1. masseter muscle
- connects mandible and cheekbone
- elevates mandible and closes the mouth
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2. temporalis muscle
- large, fan-shaped muscle
- retracts and elevates mandible, side to side movement
123
3. medial pterygoid
- connects mandible with maxilla, sphenoid, and palatine bones
- elevates mandible and protrudes the jaw
124
4. lateral pterygoid
- 2-headed muscle located in infra temporal fossa of skull
- depresses and protrudes mandible to open mouth
125
respiration
- gas exchange (CO2 out and O2 in)
- process of inspiration and expiration
126
lungs
porous, spongy organ of breathing located in thoracic cavity
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skeletal structure
- vertebral column
- 7 cervical (neck), 12 thoracic (chest), 5 lumbar (abdomen), 5 sacral fused (lower back), 3-4 coccygeal fused (lower back)
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vegetative breathing
goal of life is sustenance, automatic, and consistent
129
speech breathing
expiration more important than inspiration, speak on exhale
130
ventilation
the process of inspiration and expiration
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process of inspiration
- air enters the lungs
- contraction of inspiratory muscles
- diaphragm contracts and pulls downward
- external intercostal muscles contract
- thoracic cavity expands
- air rushes into the lungs
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process of inspiration: thoracic cavity expands
volume increases/pressure decreases (Boyle's law)
133
process of inspiration: air rushes into the lungs
through nose/mouth, down pharynx (between vocal folds) --> down through trachea --> into the lungs
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process of expiration
- air exits the lungs
- relaxation of inspiratory muscles
- diaphragm relaxes and rises
- internal intercostal muscles relax
- thoracic cavity collapses
- air rushes out of the lungs
135
process of expiration: thoracic cavity collapses
volume decreases/pressure increases (Boyle's Law)
136
process of expiration: air rushes out of the lungs
lungs recoil, chest wall returns back to its original state, and air is expelled out of lungs
137
larynx
organ at the top of the neck involved in breathing, sound production, and aspiration prevention
138
regions of the larynx
- supraglottis
- glottis
- subglottis
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supraglottis
area above the vocal folds
140
glottis
contains true vocal folds
141
subglottis
area below the vocal folds
142
unpaired cartilages of the larynx
- cricoid
- thyroid
- epiglottis
143
cricoid
- most inferior cartilage
- ring-shaped
144
thyroid
- laryngest cartilage
- Adam's apple
145
epiglottis
- leaf shaped flap that covers glottis of the larynx during swallow
- protects airway during swallow
146
paired cartilages of the larynx
- arytenoid
- corniculate
- cuneiform
147
arytenoid
only paired major cartilage
148
corniculate
attach to apex of arytenoid cartilages
149
cuneiform
do not attach to any other cartilages
150
extrinsic muscles of the larynx
- suprahyoid
- stylopharyngeus
- infrahyoid
151
suprahyoid and stylopharyngeus
elevate larynx
152
infrahyoid
depress larynx
153
intrinsic muscles of the larynx
- posterior cricoarytenoid
- lateral cricoarytenoid
- transverse arytenoid
- oblique arytenoid
- cricothyroid
- thyroarytenoid
154
posterior cricoarytenoid
vocal fold abduction
155
lateral cricoarytenoid, transverse cricoarytenoid, oblique arytenoid, cricothyroid, and thyroarytenoid
vocal fold adduction
156
vocal folds
modulate the flow of air being expelled from the lungs during phonation
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abduction
open
158
adduction
closed
159
muscles do not actually vibrate...
aerodynamic forces do - air pressure is primary force
160
3 pairs of vocal folds
1. true vocal folds
2. aryepiglottic folds
3. ventricular (false) folds
161
vocal fold vibration (one complete cycle)
1. vocal folds are adducted (closed), air pressure builds up below them
2. as air pressure rises, bottom of folds are forced apart
3. pressure then forces folds apart at middle, then at top, until air freely flows
4. pressure decreases
5. as pressure decreases, folds move toward midline (bottom first and top last)
162
aryepiglottic folds
- tips of arytenoids to the larynx
- separates laryngeal vestibule from pharynx
163
velopharyngeal closure
contraction of palatoglossus, tensor veli palatini, levator veli palatini
164
Bernoulli effect
- change in pressures that pull vocal folds together caused by Bernoulli effect
- speed of air increases and "sucks" vocal folds toward one another (closure of folds)
165
mucosal wave
- wave-like motion of the vocal fold cover
- necessary for vibration (phonation)
166
soft palate
- mobile flap of soft tissue
- elevated during swallow to prevent food from entering nasopharynx
167
pharynx
- part of digestive and respiratory systems
- connects nose, mouth, and throat
168
nasopharynx
- upper part of the pharynx
- connects nasal cavity and throat
169
oropharynx
- middle part of pharynx
- starts at soft palate and goes down to base of tongue
170
laryngopharynx
- lower part of the pharynx
- above larynx and below oropharynx
171
