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NESPA Studying Guides > Professional Practice > Flashcards

Professional Practice Flashcards

includes research designs, sampling methods, EBP levels of evidence, ICF international classification, epidemiology, and standardized testing (59 cards)

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1
Q

norm-referenced

A
  • always standardized
  • compare individual performance to group standard
  • compare persons that are same age, grade, etc.
  • assess individual performance to the “norm”
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2
Q

criterion-referenced

A
  • may or may not be standardized
  • determines individual mastery of particular skills
  • identify what a client can or cannot do
  • no group performance comparison
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3
Q

standardized testing

A

standard set of procedures for administering/scoring (usually norm-referenced)

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4
Q

standard “z” score

A

how many standard deviations raw score is from the mean

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5
Q

percentile rank

A

percent of people scoring at or below a certain score

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6
Q

null hypothesis

A

no statistical difference/relationship between groups among variables

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7
Q

raw scores

A

actual scores earned

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8
Q

standard deviation

A

extent to which scores deviate from the mean or average score

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9
Q

validity

A

degree that an assessment measures what is supposed to measure

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10
Q

face

A

test looks like it assesses what it says it does

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11
Q

content

A

actual content assesses what it says it does

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12
Q

construct

A

measures a predetermined theoretical construct

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13
Q

criterion

A

established by external criteria

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14
Q

concurrent

A

degree to which new test correlates with an estimated test of known validity

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15
Q

predictive

A

accuracy in which a test predicts future performance on related task

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16
Q

reliability

A

consistency and stability in varying contexts

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17
Q

test-retest

A

stability across multiple administrations with same group

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18
Q

split-half

A

internal consistency of a test

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19
Q

rater reliability

A

intra-rater (same person), inter-rater (different person)

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20
Q

alternate form

A

multiple forms of test provide same results

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21
Q

between-subject designs

A

performances of separate groups of subjects are measured and comparisons are then made between the 2 groups

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22
Q

between-subject designs: subject randomization

A

each subject has equal probability of being assigned to either the experimental or control group

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23
Q

between-subject designs: subject matching

A

experimenter purposely attempts to match members of 2 groups based on all extraneous variables relevant to the experiment

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24
Q

within-subject designs

Study These Flashcards
A
  • performance of same group is compared in different conditions and/or in different situations
  • sequencing effect may occur
25
within-subject designs: subject randomization
presentation of the experimental treatment conditions to the subjects in random order
26
within-subject designs: counterbalancing
technique that enables researcher to be able to control and measure sequencing effects by testing different participants in different orders
27
sequencing effect
may occur when subjects participate in several conditions (i.e., subjects participation in an earlier condition may affect their performance in subsequent)
28
A-B-A design
1. establish a baseline condition (A) 2. introduce treatment of intervention to effect some sort of change (B) 3. remove treatment to see if return to baseline (A)
29
A-B-A-B design
1. establish a baseline condition (A) 2. introduce treatment of intervention to effect some sort of change (B) 3. remove the treatment (second A) 4. re-introduce the treatment (second B)
30
sampling method
a technique of selecting individuals or a group of individuals from a population to use in research studies (probability and non-probability samples)
31
probability samples
- simple random sampling - systematic sampling - stratified random sampling - cluster sampling - multistage sampling
32
simple random sampling
every member of population chosen randomly and has an equal chance
33
systematic sampling
sample members are chosen at regular intervals every nth member
34
stratified random sampling
population divided into subgroups before random selection
35
cluster sampling
population divided into clusters based on demographics (e.g., location)
36
multistage sampling
every member of population chosen randomly and has an equal chance
37
non-probability samples
- purposive sampling - convenience sampling
38
purposive sampling
specific individuals are chosen to participate
39
convenience sampling
depends on ease of access and proximity
40
informed clinical decisions
- internal clinical evidence - external research evidence - patient preferences
41
key steps of EBP
1. frame clinical question 2. find the evidence 3. assess the evidence 4. make clinical decision
42
credibility of evidence: level I
- systematic review/meta-analysis of all relevant RCTs - 3+ good quality randomized controlled trials with similar results
43
credibility of evidence: level II
1+ well designed randomized controlled trial/s
44
credibility of evidence: level III
well designed non-randomized quasi-experimental studies
45
credibility of evidence: level IV
well designed case-control or cohort studies
46
credibility of evidence: level V
systematic reviews of descriptive and qualitative studies
47
credibility of evidence: level VI
single descriptive or qualitative study
48
credibility of evidence: level VII
expert opinion and/or reports of expert committees
49
ICF
- international classification of functioning, disability, and health - developed by World Health Organization (WHO) and published in 2001
50
ICF is the classification framework...
to guide clinical practice - helps to target person-centered functional goals to maximize outcomes and experiences
51
ICF: health condition
disorder or disease
52
ICF: activities and participation
activity limitations and participation restrictions
53
ICF: environmental factors
within individuals life, influence experiences
54
ICF: body functions and structures
anatomy and physiology
55
epidemiology
- study of factors that determine prevalence and incidence of diseases - may provide useful information for cause or guidance for treatment/recovery
56
prevalence
- how widespread a disorder is in the current population - number of individuals with a particular disease/disorder at a given time - ex: assessment of overall burden of condition on a population
57
incidence
- rate of individual who developed a disease/disorder - occurrence of new cases, typically reported within a given time - ex: new cases per year
58
ICD system
- International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems - provides standard, international guidelines for coding and recording diseases and health problems - standard classification system; developed by WHO; ICD-10
59
etiology
study of the cause and/or origin of diseases

NESPA Studying Guides (18 decks)

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