Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards by Mike Woo

Directional terms used by medical professionals refer to the human body in the BLANK position, describes a person standing erect with the feet and palms facing examiner.

Anatomical

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The relationships of internal body structures are classified into anatomical planes. These planes maybe viewed as imaginary straight-line divisions of the human body. The BLANK plane runs vertically through the middle of the body creating right and left section.

Sagittal

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The relationships of internal body structures are classified into anatomical planes. These planes maybe viewed as imaginary straight-line divisions of the human body. The plane that is to one side of the midline is said to be BLANK.

Parasagittal

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The relationships of internal body structures are classified into anatomical planes. These planes maybe viewed as imaginary straight-line divisions of the human body. The BLANK plane divides the body into top and bottom sections known as superior and inferior.

Transverse or horizontal

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The relationships of internal body structures are classified into anatomical planes. These planes maybe viewed as imaginary straight-line divisions of the human body. The BLANK plane divides the body into front and back, these are known as anterior and posterior sections.

Frontal or coronal

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The human body is divided into a number of regions. This division helps to organize anatomical structures. The BLANK region is made up of the limbs or extremities.

Appendicular

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The human body is divided into a number of regions. This division helps to organize anatomical structures. The BLANK region is made up of the head, neck, thorax, and abdomen.

Axial

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The thorax contains two pleural cavities and a pericardial cavity. These cavities are lined with a serous membrane. The serous membrane that comes into contact with the organ is BLANK.

Visceral

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The thorax contains two pleural cavities and a pericardial cavity. These cavities are lined with a serous membrane. The serous membrane that comes into contact with the cavity wall is BLANK

Parietal

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How many vertebrae compose the spine?

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What is the costal margin?

Lower edge of the chest (thorax) formed by the bottom edge of the rib cage. Sometimes referred to as the costal arch, the costal margin is the medial margin formed by the seventh to tenth ribs.

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Where is the cardiac sphincter?

Located where the lower end of the esophagus joins the stomach. The muscle serves as a valve that contracts to prevent acid reflux and relaxes to allow food to pass.

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What are the four lobes of the brain?

parietal
frontal
occipitial
cortex

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List the solid organs of the body?

Liver, spleen, pancreas, kidneys.

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List the hallow organs of the body?

stomach
gallbladder
small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum)
large intestines (cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anus)
urinary bladder

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Essential role in digestion and breaking down food to smaller particles.

Amylase in salivary glad secretions begins the digestive process

What am I?

Mouth

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Hallow muscular tube that transports food from mouth to stomach

What am I?

Esophagus

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Hallow organ in LUQ, receives food from esophagus to continue the digestive process.

Covered by mucus membrane to protect itself from the low pH of the hydrochloric acid

What am I?

Stomach

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Major sites of digestion and absorption.

Food moves through with a process called peristalsis.

What am I?

Intestines

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Most digestion and absorption occurs in me.

partially digested food empties into duodenum from the stomach at the pyloric sphincter.

digested food reaches the ileum and enters the large intestine via the ileocecal valve

what am I?

small intestine

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I begin at the ileocecal valve and am divided into four principle regions

absorb essential vitamins produced by gut bacteria

re-absorbs water from feces

production of feces

what am I?

large intestine

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produces saliva that lubricates food for easier

passage produce amylase the initiates the digestive process

what am I?

salivary glands

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play a major role in processing food into a form useable by the digestive system

what am I?

teeth

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largest organ in the body

located in the RUQ

secretes bile for the digestion of fats

responsible for the metabolism of carbohydrates and proteins

detoxification of toxins (alcohol)

excretion of bilirubin

storage of glycogen

what am I?

liver

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located behind the liver store bile after eating a fatty meal, I secrete bile via the cystic duct to the duodenum what am I?

gall bladder

lies behind the stomach and cross the LUQ and the RUQ secretes digestive enzymes called "_____ juice" has endocrine function as well, the islets of Langerhans secrete hormones such as glucagon, insulin and somatostatin what am I?

pancreas

paired organs located in the flanks contain nephrons which are the functional units. nephrons responsible for filtering blood, returning useful substances, removing non useful substances, producing urine. Have an endocrine function secreting the hormone's angiotensin II, aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, atrial natriuretic peptide. these hormones play a part in the regulation of BP and in maintaining fluid electrolyte balance. what am I?

kidneys

tubes that drain urine from the kidneys to the bladder location for kidney stones to lodge what am I?

ureters

located in the pelvis receives and stores urine from the kidneys what am I?

urinary bladder

tube that drains the bladder to outside shorter in females vs males what am I?

urethra

small walnut sized organs located adjacent to the uterus produce female hormones and the component of reproduction, the ovum what am I?

ovaries

hollow tubes connecting the ovary to the uterus pathway for ovum transport from ovary to uterus fertilization occurs in me open end allows for direct access to abdominal cavity and uterus site for implantation of fertilized ovum, resulting in ectopic pregnancy what am I?

fallopian tube

hollow muscular organ located low in pelvic region inferior portion called the cervix enters the vagina, the superior portion is the fundus site for implantation and fetal development what am I?

uterus

extends from uterus to vulva functions as birth canal what am I?

vagina

responsible for producing male hormones and sperm what am I?

testes

small appendages on the tests serving as a reservoir for sperm what am I?

epididymis

located at the base of the bladder responsible for production of fluid to transport sperm as men age it may become enlarged (BPH) and obstructing urine flow

prostate

small muscular tube responsible for transport of sperm from the testes to the urethra during ejaculation vasectomy is male birth control procedure, involves cutting of me what am I?

vas deferens

male organ of copulation contains sperm what am I?

penis

what part of the body acts as a thermostat

hypothalamus

the primary source of upper airway obstruction in an unconscious patient?

tongue

BLANK is an opening in the diaphragm through which the esophagus and the vagus nerve pass. It is located in the right crus, one of the two tendinous structures that connect the diaphragm to the spine.

esophageal hiatus

BLANK is a rare heart condition in which your heart points toward the right side of your chest instead of the left side. It is congenital, which means people are born with this abnormality

Dextrocardia

how many bones are in a human body?

206

every bone in the body connects to at least one other bone by the way of joints except?

hyoid bone

what are the three classes of joints?

synovial = contain synovial fluid that allows for considerable movement. Most joints in the appendicular skeleton are synovial (elbow, knee, shoulder, hip) cartilaginous = unite two bones by means of hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage, these joints are slightly moveable (epiphyseal plate of a growing bone and intervertebral disks) fibrous = two bones that have little or no movement and are united by fibrous tissue (skull).

what are the three major types of muscle?

smooth cardiac skeletal *most common

Are muscles connected to bones by?

tendons

Are bone connected to cartilage by?

ligaments

_____ mL of blood may be released into the lower leg from a tibial or fibular fracture _____ mL of blood may be released into the thigh from a femoral fracture _____ mL of blood may be released into the pelvis from a pelvic fracture

500 1000 2000

how many teeth does a normal adult have?

heart is a muscular organ, how much does it weight?

250 g ~ size of fist

top of the heart is called ___? bottom of the heart is called _____?

base apex

What are the organs that make up the mediastinum?

heart lungs ...

what are the layers of the heart from inner most layer to outer most layer?

endocardium myocardium pericardium (2 layers visceral also called the epicardium and parietal)

How much fluid is normally contained in the pericardial space?

25 cc

what are the four chambers of the heart?

right atria right ventricle left atria left ventricle

where is the tricuspid valve located?

between the right atria and right ventricle Mnemonic TRI to get the valve RIGHT

where is the mitral valve located?

between the left artria and left ventricle

where is the aortic valve located?

between the left atria and pulmonary vein

where is the pulmonary valve located?

between the right atria and the pulmonary artery

left coronary artery supplies blood flow to what parts of the heart?

left ventricle interventricular septum part of the right ventricle part of the conduction system

right coronary artery supplies blood flow to what parts of the heart?

portion of the right atrium right ventricle part of the conduction system

cardiac cycle definition?

time from the end of one cardiac contraction to the end of the next

diastole cycle definition?

time when the myocardium is relaxed and cardiac filling and coronary perfusion occur. pulmonic valve closed aortic valve closed mitral valve open tricuspid valve open

systole cycle definition?

myocardium is contracting pulmonic valve open aortic valve open mitral valve closed tricuspid valve closed

chronotropy definition?

pertaining to heart rate

inotrophy definition?

cardiac contractile force

dromotrophy definition?

speed of impulse transmission

cardiac conduction excitability definition?

ability of the cells to respond to an electrical stimulus

cardiac conduction automaticity definition?

pacemaker cells' capability of self-depolarization

cardiac conduction contractility definition?

ability of muscle cells to contract or shorten

stroke volume definition?

amount of blood ejected by the heart in one contraction

what are the three factors that affect stroke volume?

preload - amount of blood delivered to the heart during diastole cardiac contractile force - strength of contraction of the heart afterload - resistance against which the ventrile must contract

What are risk factors for cardiovascular disease?

``` age carbohydrate intolerance cigarette smoking cocaine use diabetes family history hypercholesterolemia = hyperlipidemia hypertension previous MI's ```

left coronary artery carries ___ % of the blood supply to the myocardium.

Left coronary artery two main branches are the BLANK and BLANK

left anterior descending (LAD) and the circumflex

Left coronary artery two main branches are the BLANK and BLANK

Right anterior descending and the marginal branch

from the lungs the blood travels through BLANK pulmonary veins back to the left atrium

DEFINITION The priming force contributed by atrial contraction immediately before ventricular systole that acts to increase the efficiency of ventricular ejection due to acutely increased preload.

atrial kick

Once the left ventricle receives ___ % of it's volume, the left atrium contracts

70%

List the parts of the small intestine in order.

duodenum, jejunum, ileum = DJI

List the parts of the large intestine in order.

cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anus CATDSR (cat with a camera)

What are the 12 Cranial Nerves?

``` O: olfactory nerve (CN I) O: optic nerve (CN II) O: oculomotor nerve (CN III) T: trochlear nerve (CN IV) T: trigeminal nerve(CN V) A: abducens nerve (CN VI) F: facial nerve (CN VII) A: auditory (or vestibulocochlear) nerve (CN VIII) G: glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) V: vagus nerve (CN X) S: spinal accessory nerve (CN XI) H: hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) ``` Mnemonic Ooh, Ooh, Ooh, to touch and feel virgin girls vagina. Such heaven!

Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

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