Anatomy and Physiology of Respiration Flashcards
(153 cards)
1
Q
Respiration: The exchange of gas between a/an ______ and its ________
A
organism and its environment
2
Q
Respiration occurs due to the principles of _______ ________
A
Boyle’s Law
3
Q
Pressure and _____ are always inversely proportional
A
volume
4
Q
Breathing and respiration is largely a ______ event
A
passive
5
Q
Parts of the upper respiratory tract
A
nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx
6
Q
The pharynx is a ______ _____ in the back of your throat
A
hollow tube/space
7
Q
Space from the soft palate to the top of the larynx
A
pharynx
8
Q
where vocal cords are housed
A
larynx (voice box)
9
Q
parts in the lower respiratory tract
A
trachea, primary bronchi, lungs
10
Q
Another name for the “windpipe”
A
Trachea
11
Q
Structure that reaches from the larynx down to the bronchi
A
trachea
12
Q
The trachea is the part on your throat that feels like it has _____
A
rings
13
Q
where the trachea splits into two separate paths into the lungs
A
Primary bronchi
14
Q
How many lobes are in our lungs altogether
A
5
15
Q
how many lobes are in the left lung
A
2
16
Q
Provides protection to our organs and assists with the movement necessary for breathing
A
Skeletal Framework
17
Q
how many pairs of ribs
A
12
18
Q
most ribs connect to the _____ via _____
A
sternum via cartilage
19
Q
Kind of cartilage that connects ribs to the sternum
A
costal cartilage
20
Q
which ribs float?
A
lowest two around the back
21
Q
the pectoral girdle includes what two parts
A
clavicles and scapulae
22
Q
another name for scapulae
A
shoulder blades
23
Q
The pelvic girdle includes what
A
coxal bones and vertebrae (sacral and coccygeal)
24
Q
How many vertebrae
A
33
25
cervical means what
neck
26
how many cervical vertebrae
7
27
thoracic refers to what
chest
28
how many thoracic vertebrae
12
29
how many lumbar vertebrae
5
30
how many sacral vertebrae
5
31
how many coccygeal vertebrae
4 (fused together but 4 separate parts)
32
5 types of vertebrae
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal (cows that love sour cream)
33
______ ______ wrap around the spinal cord to protect it
vertebral bones
34
Once you get older and the bones in your back start to fuse, how many do you have?
26
35
what 2 things make up the respiratory system
pulmonary apparatus and chest wall
36
the air-containing, air-conducting, and gas-exchanging part of the breathing apparatus.
pulmonary apparatus
37
The pulmonary apparatus is made up of the ___ and the ____ _____
lungs and lower airways
38
why don't the nose and mouth count as part of the pulmonary apparatus?
they aren't sterile like other parts of your body
39
parts of the lower airways
trachea, main stem bronchi (to right and left lung), lobar bronchi (to each lobe), alveoli
40
how many alveoli do we have
300 million
41
where does gas exchange occur
alveoli
42
The lungs are ____ and spongy
porous and spongy
43
The lungs are _______ and resilient
flexible and resilient
44
The thin membrane covering the lungs
visceral pleura
45
The thin membrane that covers the inner chest wall
parietal pleura
46
The lungs are connected to the chest wall solely through ______ _____, though it is not literally physically connected
pleural linkage
47
The _____ _____ of the fluid between the visceral pleura and parietal pleura (pleural linkage) allows the lungs and inner chest wall to move together while not being physically connected
surface tension
48
______ in the pleural cavity can cause a collapsed lung
air
49
parts of the chest wall
Rib cage wall and diaphragm
50
The rib cage wall forms most of the ______ and surrounds the lungs (except at the bottom)
thorax
51
The rib cage wall consists of what
thoracic vertebrae, ribs, costal cartilages, sternum, and pectoral girdle
52
what forms the floor of the thorax
diaphragm
53
the diaphragm is the _____ _____ the thorax and the abdomen
fence between
54
two types of movements in the chest wall
vertical excursion of the front end and vertical excursion along the sides
55
type of chest wall movement that is either upward and forward or downward and backward
vertical excursion of the front end
56
type of chest wall movement in which rotation is either upward and outward or downward and inward
vertical excursion along the sides
57
vertical excursion of the front end and vertical excursion along the sides occur _____ and _____
together and simultaneously
58
the largest and most powerful inspiratory muscle
diaphragm
59
When your diaphragm is shaped like a dome, you are breathing ___. Your diaphragm is ____ing
out, relaxing
60
When your diaphragm is flat, you are breathing ____. Your diaphragm is _____ing
in, contracting
61
exhaling is a ______ force
passive
62
inhaling is a _____ force
active
63
exhalation is passive because of the natural ___ of muscles, cartilages, ligaments, and lung tissue
recoil
64
Inhalation involves what 3 muscles groups
rib cage wall muscles, diaphragm muscles, and abdominal wall muscles
65
Muscles of inspiration will _______ the rib cage while the muscles of expiration ______ the rib cage
elevate, depress
66
7 muscles of inspiration
sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, pectoralis minor, pectoralis major, serratus anterior, external intercostals, diaphragm
67
4 muscles of expiration
internal intercostals, external oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominis
68
muscle of inspiration. Originates in sternum and clavicle and inserts on skull behind ear. Elevates sternum and clavicle and ribs
Sternocleidomastoid
69
Muscle of inspiration. Originates on the cervical vertebrae. composed of anterior, medius, and posterior. Anterior and medius elevate the first rib; posterior elevates the second rib
scalenes
70
muscle of inspiration. Originates from second through fifth ribs near their cartilages and inserts into the surface of the scapula
pectoralis minor
71
muscle of inspiration. Originates from the front surface of upper costal cartilages, sternum, and inner half of clavicle and insert into humerus
pectoralis major
72
muscle of inspiration. Originates from the outer surface of the upper 8 or 9 ribs and inserts at the front of the scapula. Elevates the upper rib
Serratus anterior
73
muscle of inspiration. 11 connected muscles that fill the outer portions of the rib interspaces. Form a sheet of muscles that originates from the first rib, cervical vertebrae, and base of the skill and links rib to the adjacent rib. Elevates the ribs and stiffens their interspaces
external intercostals
74
muscle of inspiration. Responsible for almost 75% of air inspired. The most important muscle of inspiration
diaphragm
75
muscles of expiration. Eleven connected muscles that fill the inner portions of the rib interspaces (except at the back of the rib cages
Primarily depress ribs and stiffen their interspaces
internal intercostals
76
muscle of expiration. Inserts on the lower eight ribs. Depresses the lower eight ribs and forces front and sides of abdominal wall inward
external oblique
77
muscle of expiration. Inserts into the abdominal aponeurosis and lower borders of the costal cartilages of the lower three to four ribs
Depresses lower ribs and forces front and sides of abdominal wall inward
internal oblique
78
muscles of expiration. Transverse - side to side.
Forces front and sides of abdominal wall inward
transversus abdominis
79
Muscle of expiration. Refers to both sides (6-8 pack, if you will) Depresses the lower ribs and sternum
Rectus abdominis
80
______ muscles of inspiration--sternocleidomastoids, scalenes, serratus, pectoralis – contribute less during normal breathing periods and more during active breathing periods, e.g., during exercise and forced breathing maneuvers.
accessory
81
Expiratory muscles – internal intercostals, rectus abdominis, external and internal obliques, transversus abdominis – can contract to force air out of the lungs during _____ ______ periods like blowing out a candle.
active breathing
82
A _____ _____ is defined as one inspiration and one expiration.
Respiratory Cycle
83
adults complete between ___ and ____ cycles of respiration per minute
12 and 18
84
Each respiratory cycle with tidal breathing involves about _____ of air
500 ml
85
the size or space of a three-dimensional object.
volume
86
measures the amount of air for one function (such as inhalation or exhalation)
lung volume
87
The volume of air inspired or expired during the breathing cycle
tidal volume
88
The maximum volume of air that can be inspired beyond the tidal volume.
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
89
The maximum volume of air that can be expired beyond the tidal volume.
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
90
The volume of air remaining at the end of a maximum expiration
Residual volume (RV)
91
______ volume cannot be measured, just estimated
residual volume
92
A change in lung volume requires an open ____ and upper airway
larynx
93
Lung _____ can vary depending on the level of activity
volumes
94
Lung volume can be measured by _______
spirometer
95
How much something can hold
capacity
96
Lung capacities are made up of two or more ______ ______
lung volumes
97
The average lung capacity is around ______ for a healthy adult male
6 liters
98
what age are lungs fully mature
25
99
what age does lung capacity begin to decline
35
100
Average lung capacity of a healthy adult female
4.2 liters
101
Michael Phelps lung capacity
12 liters
102
Maximum inspiratory volume possible after tidal expiration
Inspiratory capacity (IC)
103
Inspiratory capacity (IC) = _______ + _______
Tidal volume (TV) + Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
104
The maximum volume of air that can be expired after a maximum inspiration
Vital Capacity (vc)
105
Represents the capacity of air available for speech
vital capacity
106
Vital capacity (vc) = _______ + _________
inspiratory capacity (IC) + Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
or
Tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume
107
The amount of air that remains in the body after passive exhalation
Functional residual capacity (FRC)
108
Functional residual capacity (FRC) = ______ + _______
FRC = expiratory reserve volume (ERV) + residual volume (RV)
109
The volume of air in the lungs after a maximum inspiration. The sum of all lung volumes.
Total lung capacity
110
Total Lung Capacity (TLC) = ______ + _______
TLC = vital capacity (vc) + Residual volume (RV)
or
tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume + residual volume
111
name the 4 lung volumes
tidal, inspiratory reserve, expiratory reserve, and residual volume
112
name the 4 lung capacities
inspiratory capacity, vital capacity, functional residual capacity, and total lung capacity
113
5 kinds of pressure involved with respiration
alveolar, intrapleural, subglottal, intraoral, atmospheric
114
The pressure within the individual alveoli
Alveolar pressure
115
The pressure between the visceral and parietal pleural membranes
Intrapleural pressure
116
Pressure below the vocal cords
Subglottal pressure
117
Pressure measured within the oral cavity
Intraoral pressure
118
Pressure of the atmosphere generated by its weight
Atmospheric pressure
119
what is typical atmospheric pressure
760 mm Hg
120
____ breathing is often considered “automatic" breathing and is controlled by the brainstem breathing centers
Tidal
121
part of the brainstem that controls automatic breathing
medulla
122
Tidal breathing is under strong influence from _____receptors and _____receptors
chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors
123
parts of your brain that respond to chemical changes in your body
Chemoreceptors
124
Central chemoreceptors are primarily sensitive to changes in _________ in the blood
carbon dioxide (CO2)
125
Peripheral chemoreceptors are primarily sensitive to ________ in the blood
oxygen (O2)
126
_______ in the pulmonary apparatus and chest wall are sensitive to physical changes in the tissues, muscles, tendons, etc.
Mechanoreceptors
127
Body posture is a significant contributor to _____ of respiration
efficiency
128
Reclining position alters relationship between physical structures and _____
gravity
129
the rate at which air moves in and out
ventilation
130
Ventilation is ______ during speaking that resting tidal breathing
greater
131
use of neural receptors to force respiration
Drive to breathe
132
Under _____ ____ conditions, breathing tends to be associated with: Greater than usual ventilation, Fewer syllables per breath group if speaking, Higher than usual average airflow,
Non-phonated expirations (“blow-offs”),
Larger-than-usual lung volume, rib cage wall volume, and abdominal wall excursions
high drive
133
Activity in which inspiratory thoracic muscles must be engaged to hold the elastic recoil forces in check to sustain phonation.
Inspiratory checking
134
General speech breathing behavior is not adult-like until approx what age
10
135
Speech breathing remains unchanged (generally) until the age of
70-80
136
In general older adults tend to: Initiate breath groups at larger lung ______,
Use more of their ______ capacity
Expend more air per ______
volumes, vital, syllable
137
Inspirations tend to occur at structural _______ (pauses in sentences, commas, etc), Inspirations tend to be _____ when followed by longer breath groups, and higher cognitive-linguistic loads are associated with more _____ _____(breath-holding and expiratory)
boundaries, larger, silent pauses
138
Resting ____ ____ are quicker when listening to someone speak than in quiet
tidal inspirations
139
Breathing movements between ______ _____ tend to be correlated during turn taking
conversation partners
140
one organism that doesn't need oxygen to survive
bacteria that causes botulism
141
______ in cells release energy to all parts of the body
Oxidation
142
The body needs oxygen to build ______ and produce ______ for our cells to work
new cells, energy
143
how many cells do you lose a day
700 million
144
Oxygen goes into the bloodstream via the capillaries in the ______
alveoli
145
Nasal and Oral cavities provide a warm, moist environment to warm the air before it reaches your _______ ________
pulmonary apparatus
146
The nasal cavity is highly vascular and is lined with _______ ______ to catch dust, germs, etc.
cilia epithelium
147
the space between the vocal folds
glottis
148
On average, you experience _____ respiratory cycles a day.
22,000
149
Oxygen turns the food we eat into energy via ______ ______
cellular respiration
150
Your brain takes _____ of your body’s total oxygen consumption as it requires a great deal of energy
20%
151
__% of cellular waste is removed simply by breathing
70%
152
______ is where something has gone beyond your vocal folds and into your lungs that is not meant to be there
aspiration
153
______ _______ is what can occur as a result of aspirating
aspiration pneumonia
