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MSCT > Anatomy: Back and Spinal Cord > Flashcards

Anatomy: Back and Spinal Cord Flashcards

(66 cards)

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1
Q

Back components

A

Made up of the vertebral column, the spinal cord, spinal nerves, the overlaying muscles, skin

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2
Q

Vertebral column function

A

Encloses and supports spinal cord, supports head and trunk, an attachment for the limbs and transfers weight of the body to the lower limbs

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3
Q

Vertebral column components

A

33 vertebrae and their intervening intervertebral discs,

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4
Q

Regions of the vertebrae

A

7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 fused sacral, 3-5 fused coccygeal

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5
Q

Curvatures of the vertebral column

A

Cervical curvature (lordotic), thoracic curvature (kyphotic), lumbar curvature (lordotic), sacral/coccygeal curvature (kyphotic)

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6
Q

Kyphotic curvatures

A

Concave anteriorly, thoracic and sacral, primary curvatures present in the fetus

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7
Q

Lordotic curvatures

A

Concave posteriorly, cervical and lumbar, secondary curvatures that develop postnatally

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8
Q

Kyphosis

A

AKA hunchback, excess forward thoracic curvature, congenital or posture related, due to collapse of vertebral bodies

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9
Q

Lordosis

A

AKA swayback, excess inward lumbar curvature, temporary during pregnancy or caused by pathology or excessive weight

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10
Q

Scoliosis

A

Lateral curvature of the spine, congenital or pathologic (from cerebral palsy and muscular dystrophy)

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11
Q

Four movements of the back

A

Extension, flexion, lateral flexion, rotation

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12
Q

Extrinsic muscles of the back

A

Move the upper limbs and ribs

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13
Q

Intrinsic muscles of the back

A

Maintain posture and move the vertebral column

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14
Q

Vertebral components

A

Vertebral body, vertebral arch, processes for muscle attachment and articulation with bones

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15
Q

Vertebral arch

A

Formed by paired pedicles attached to the vertebral body and paired laminae joined to form the spinous process

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16
Q

Transverse processes

A

Project laterally from the vertebral arch

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17
Q

Superior and inferior articular processes

A

Articulate with vertebrae above and below

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18
Q

Vertebral foramen

A

Encircled by the vertebral body and arch

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19
Q

Vertebral canal

A

Formed by the vertebral formina to protect the spinal cord

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20
Q

Where do spinal nerves exit?

A

From the intervertebral foramina between adjacent vertebral arches

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21
Q

Intervertebral joints

A

Between intervertebral disks and articular surfaces of vertebral bodies, symphyses, cartilaginous joints that are only slightly mobile

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22
Q

Zygapophyseal joints

A

AKA facet joints, between superior and inferior articular processes, synovial joints, contain fluid, allow for movement, prone to arthritis

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23
Q

Intervertebral discs

A

Have annulus fibrosis surrounding the nucleus pulposus

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24
Q

Herniated disc

A

Degeneration of the annulus fibrosis leads to herniation of the nucleus pulposus, can impinge on spinal cord or spinal nerves

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25
Joints of the vertebral column
Intervertebral joints and zygapophyseal (facet) joints
26
Ligaments of the vertebral column
Supraspinous, interspinous, posterior longitudinal, anterior longitudinal, ligamentum flavum, nuchal
27
Supraspinous ligaments
Attach the spines of adjacent vertebrae to each other
28
Interspinous ligaments
Attach the spines of adjacent vertebrae to each other
29
Nuchal ligament
Continuation of supraspinous and interspinous ligaments, attach to the external occipital protuberance of the skull, limits cervical spine flexion
30
Ligamentum flavum
Present on the inner aspect of the vertebral arch
31
Posterior longitudinal ligament
On the posterior aspect of the vertebral bodies, limits vertebral column hyperflexion
32
Anterior longitudinal ligament
Runs along the anterior surface of the vertebral bodies, limits vertebral column hyperextension
33
Spinal stenosis
Zygapophysial joint hypertrophy, ligamentum flava hypertrophy, and mild disc protrusion that reduce the dimensions of the vertebral canal
34
Conus medullaris
Cone-shaped end of the spinal cord, at the intervertebral disc between L1 and L2
35
Filum terminale
Inferior continuation from the apex of the conus medullaris
36
Swellings of the spinal cord
Cervical enlargement and lumbosacral enlargement, associated with spinal nerves that innervate the upper and lower limbs
37
Cervical enlargement
C5-T1 spinal nerves, innervate the upper limbs
38
Lumbosacral enlargement
L1-S3 spinal nerves, innervate the lower limbs
39
How many spinal nerves are there?
31 total: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal
40
Cauda equina
Loose collection of ventral and dorsal roots located inferior to the conus medullaris, formed by the lumbar and sacral spinal nerves
41
Meninges of the spinal cord
Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
42
Pia mater
Lies directly on the spinal cord, forms strong pointed denticulate ligaments on either side of the spinal cord that work to secure the spinal cord to the dura mater
43
Epidural space
Superficial to the dura mater
44
Subdural space
Deep to the dura mater
45
Subarachnoid space
Deep to the arachnoid mater and contains cerebrospinal fluid
46
Lumbar puncture
CSF samples taken by putting a needle between L3/L4 or L4/L5 (has to be bellow the conus medullaris) and between the spinous processes. It then goes through the extradural space, the dura mater, the arachnoid mater into the subarachnoid space
47
Lumbar cistern
Subarachnoid space where CSF is often sampled from
48
Spinal block
Following lumbar puncture, anesthetic can be directly injected into the CSF
49
Epidural
Anesthesia from a catheter in the epidural space or a needle through the sacral hiatus
50
Spinal nerves
Associated with the 31 spinal cord segments, part of PNS, innervates specific areas of the skin (sensory) and muscles of the head, trunk and limbs (motor)
51
Mixed nerves
Contain both sensory and motor nerve fibers
52
Sensory nerve fibers
AKA afferent nerves, carry info towards the CNS
53
Motor nerve fibers
AKA efferent nerves, carry info away from CNS
54
Somatic nerves
Innervation of the muscles and overlying skin of the body
55
How spinal nerves attach to the spinal cord
Posterior and anterior roots
56
Posterior root
AKA dorsal root, contains the processes of sensory neurons carrying info to the CNS
57
Dorsal root ganglion
AKA spinal root ganglion, at the distal end of the posterior root, usually in the intervertebral foramen, contain cell bodies of sensory neurons
58
Posterior horn
AKA dorsal horn, in the posterior regions of the gray matter of the spinal cord, where sensory neurons synapse with DRG neurons
59
Anterior root
AKA ventral root, contains motor nerve fibers that carry signals away from CNS
60
Anterior horn
AKA ventral horn, in the anterior region of the gray matter of the spinal cord, contains cell bodies of primary motor neurons
61
Posterior ramus
Innervates only intrinsic muscles of the back and some skin on the back, contain mixed sensory and motor nerve fibers
62
Anterior ramus
Innervates most other skeletal muscles and most remaining areas of the skin, contain mixed sensory and motor nerve fibers
63
Spinal nerves that pass superior to their associated vertebrae
C1-C7
64
Spinal nerves that pass inferior to their associated vertebrae
C8 and below
65
Dermatone
Area of skin innervated by one spinal cord level, or on one side by a single spinal nerve
66
Myotome
Portion of skeletal muscle innervated by a single spinal cord level

MSCT (28 decks)

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