Lower Limb I Flashcards
(132 cards)
1
Q
Major functions of the lower limb
A
Support body weight and move it
2
Q
Regions of the lower limb
A
Gluteal, anterior and posterior thigh, leg, foot
3
Q
Gluteal region
A
Posterolateral, between iliac crest and gluteal fold
4
Q
Bones of the gluteal region
A
Two pelvic bones
5
Q
Pelvic bone formation
A
Formed by ilium, ischium, and pubis
6
Q
Anterior thigh region
A
Between inguinal ligament and knee joint
7
Q
Posterior thigh region
A
Between gluteal fold and knee
8
Q
Bone of the thigh
A
Femur
9
Q
Leg region
A
Between the knee and ankle joint
10
Q
Bones of the leg
A
Tibia and fibula
11
Q
Foot region
A
Distal to ankle joint
12
Q
Bones of the foot
A
Tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges
13
Q
Center of gravity
A
Vertical line anterior to the S2 vertebra, posterior to the hip joints, anterior to ankle and knee joints, directly above feet
14
Q
Movements at the hip joint
A
Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, medial and lateral rotation, and circumduction
15
Q
Abduction of the hip
A
Can be abduction of the femur on a fixed pelvis or abduction of the pelvis on a fixed femur, ultimately angle between pelvis and femur decreases
16
Q
Movements of the knee
A
Flexion and extension
17
Q
Movements of the ankle
A
Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion
18
Q
Acetabular labrum
A
Fibrocatilaginous collar on the rim of the acetabulum, prevents femoral head from moving inferior
19
Q
Acetabular labrum tear clinical presentation
A
Pain in hip when bearing weight, flexion and internal rotation, painful audible clicking, transient locking, giving away of hip
20
Q
Ligament of the head of the femur attachments
A
Head of femur to acetabular fossa
21
Q
Ligament of the head of the femur blood supply
A
Obturator artery (also supplies femoral head)
22
Q
Fibrous capsule of hip
A
Surrounds synovial membrane to hold femoral neck in the acetabulum
23
Q
Three ligaments around fibrous capsule
A
Iliofemerol, pubofemoral, ischiofemoral
24
Q
Iliofemoral ligament
A
Anterior to hip joint
25
Pubofemoral ligament
Anteroinferior to hip joint
26
Ischiofemoral ligament
Posteroinferior to hip joint
27
Weight-bearing articulation in knee
Between femur and tibia
28
Quadricep pulling articulation in knee
Between patella and femur
29
Lateral and medial menisci function
Cushion knee joint, accommodate changes in the shape of the articular surface during movement
30
Synovial membrane of knee joint attachment
Attaches the margins of the articular surfaces and menisci
31
Pouches formed by synovial membrane and role
Suprapatellar bursa and subpopliteal recess, provide low-friction movement for tendons
32
Fibrous capsule of knee
Encloses articular cavity and is formed and reinforced partly by muscle tendons
33
Patella ligament
Continuation of the quadriceps femoris tendon, connects patella to tibia
34
Medial collateral ligament
Stabilizes hinge motion of knee, attaches to the medial meniscus
35
Lateral collateral ligament
Stabilizes hinge motion of knee
36
Cruciate ligaments
Anterior and posterior, cross in the intercondylar region of knee and connect tibia and femur
37
Anterior cruciate ligament function
Keeps the tibia from moving anteriorly on fixed femur
38
Anterior cruciate ligament attachment
Lateral femoral condyle to anterior tibia
39
Posterior cruciate ligament function
Keeps the tibia from moving posteriorly on fixed femur
40
Posterior cruciate ligament attachment
Medial femoral condyle to posterior tibia
41
Unhappy triad of O'Donahue
Tear in ACL, MCL, and medial meniscus, caused by lateral force applied to planted leg, snap is audible and immediately painful and swollen
42
Gluteal region movements
Abduction, extension, lateral rotation of the femur relative to the pelvis
43
Deep muscles of the gluteal region role
Lateral rotation of the femur at the hip joint
44
Deep muscles of the gluteal region names
Piriformis, obturator internus, the gemelli, and quadratus femoris
45
Superficial muscles of the gluteal region role
Abduct and extend the hip, stabilize the knee in extension
46
Superficial muscles of the gluteal region names
Gluteus minimus, gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, tensor fasciae latae
47
Gluteus minimus and gluteus medius role
Abduction of the hip
48
Gluteus maximus role
Extension of the hip
49
Tensor fasciae latae muscle role
Stabilizes knee in extension by acting on the iliotibial tract
50
Iliotibial tract
Band of deep fascia passing down the lateral side of the thigh to attach to the proximal end of the tibia
51
Location of nerves in gluteal region
Enter through greater sciatic foramen of pelvis in the plane between superficial and deep muscles, superior gluteal nerve passes superior to piriformis, all others pass inferior
52
Superior gluteal nerve spinal nerves
L4, L5, S1
53
Superior gluteal nerve innervation
Gluteus minimus, gluteus medius, tensor fascia latae
54
Nerve to quadratus femoris spinal nerves
L5, S1
55
Nerve to quadratus femoris innervation
Quadratus femoris, gemellus inferior
56
Nerve to obturator internus spinal nerves
L5, S1
57
Nerve to obturator internus innervation
Gemellus superior, passes through lesser sciatic foramen to obturator internus
58
Posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh spinal nerves
S1-S3
59
Posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh innervations
Skin of the gluteal region, posterior thigh, posterior leg
60
Inferior gluteal nerve spinal nerves
L5, S1, S2
61
Inferior gluteal nerve innervation
Gluteus maximus
62
Piriformis muscle innervation
Branches of S1 and S2 spinal nerves
63
Pudendal nerve spinal nerves
S2-S4
64
Pudendal nerve innervations
Muscles of the perineum and skin of the genitals
65
Trendelenburg sign/gait cause
Injury to the superior gluteal nerve, which innervates the hip abductors, gluteus minimus and medius
66
Trendelenburg sign
Patient standing on affected limb, pelvis drops over swing limb and abduction of the pelvis on the fixed femur does not occur
67
Trendelenburg gait
Patient compensates by lurching the trunk to the affected side to maintain the level of the pelvis during gait
68
Blood supply to the gluteal region
Superior and inferior gluteal arteries
69
Superior and inferior gluteal arteries origin
Internal iliac artery, a terminal branch from the aorta
70
Three compartments of the thigh
Anterior, medial, posterior
71
Anterior compartment blood and nerve supply
Fermoral nerve, branches of the femoral artery
72
Anterior compartment muscles main function
Extension of the leg at the knee
73
Anterior compartment muscles names
Quadriceps femoris (rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius), sartorius, psoas major, iliacus
74
Muscles of quadriceps femoris
Rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius
75
Rectus femoris movement
Flexes thigh at the hip joint and extends the leg
76
Vastus lateralis movement
Extension of the leg
77
Vastus medialis movement
Extension of the leg
78
Vastus intermedius movement
Extension of the leg
79
Sartorius movement
Flexes the thigh and flexes leg
80
Psoas major movement
Flexion of the thigh
81
Iliacus movement
Flexion of the thigh
82
Psoas major and iliacus origin
Posterior abdominal wall into the upper part of the anterior compartment
83
Medial compartment nerve and blood supply
Obturator nerve, branches of the deep femoral artery and obturator artery
84
Medial compartment main function
Adduction of the thigh at the hip joint
85
Medial compartment muscles names
Gracilis, pectineus, adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, obturator externus
86
Gracilis movement
Adduction of thigh
87
Pectineus movement
Adduction of thigh
88
Adductor longus movement
Adduction and medial rotation of thigh
89
Adductor brevis movement
Adduction and medial rotation of thigh
90
Adductor magnus movement
Adduction and medial rotation of thigh
91
Obturator externus movement
Lateral rotation of thigh
92
Posterior compartment nerve and blood supply
Tibial division of sciatic nerve (common fibular division of sciatic nerve to short head of biceps femoris), perforating branches of deep femoral artery
93
Posterior compartment main function
Flexion of leg at the knee joint, extension of thigh at hip joint, and rotation of both
94
Posterior compartment muscles names
The hamstrings (biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimbranosus)
95
Muscles of the hamstrings
Biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimbranosus
96
Hamstring muscle that does not cross at both the hip and knee joints
Short head of the biceps femoris
97
Per anserinus
AKA goose's foot, common insertion of the tendons of the sartorius, gracilis, and semitendious on the proximal tibia
98
Femoral artery location
Continuation of external iliac artery, starts as the external iliac artery passes under inguinal ligament and into the anterior aspect of the upper thigh
99
Femoral artery major branch
Deep artery of the thigh (AKA profunda femoris)
100
Deep artery of the thigh function
Major blood supply to the thigh
101
Deep artery of the thigh branches
Medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries, perforating branches
102
Medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries compartment
Medial compartment
103
Perforating branches compartment
Posterior compartment
104
Obturator artery location
Branch of the internal iliac artery
105
Obturator artery branches
Anastomose with inferior gluteal and medial circumflex arteries, they are anterior or superficial branch, a posterior or deep branch (branches then to the head of the femur)
106
Lachman test procedure
Patient supine, knee flexed 30 degrees, grasp and stabilize thigh, move proximal leg anteriorly
107
Lachmen test structure
ACL
108
Lachmen test positive result
Excessive forward motion of tibia
109
Anterior drawer test procedure
Patient supine, knee flexed 90 degrees, sit on dorsum of foot, place hands behind knee and move proximal leg anteriorly
110
Anterior drawer test structure
ACL
111
Anterior drawer test positive result
Excessive forward motion of tibia
112
Posterior drawer test procedure
Patient supine, knee flexed 90 degrees, palms of hand push proximal leg posteriorly
113
Posterior drawer test structure
PCL
114
Posterior drawer test positive result
Excessive posterior motion of tibia
115
Valgus stress test procedure
Patient supine, knee extended or flexed 30 degrees, stabilize lateral aspect of knee, push ankle laterally
116
Valgus stress test structure
MCL
117
Valgus stress test positive result
Significant gap in the medial joint space
118
Varus stress test procedure
Patient supine, knee extended or flexed 30 degrees, stabilize medial aspect of knee, push ankle medially
119
Varus stress test structure
LCL
120
Varus stress test positive result
Significant gap in lateral joint space
121
McMurray test procedure
Examiner passively flexes knee with rotation of tibia or foot, or have patient perform a full two-legged squat
122
McMurray test structure
Medial and lateral menisci
123
McMurray test positive result
Pain or popping on external (medial meniscus) or internal (lateral meniscus) rotation, joint line tenderness
124
Patellar apprehension test procedure
Apply laterally directed force toward medial aspect of patella
125
Patellar apprehension test structure
Patellofemoral pathology
126
Patellar apprehension test positive result
Apprehension by patient due to pain or fear that patella will dislocate
127
Patellofemoral grind test procedure
Apply downward and inferior pressure on patella while patient contracts quadriceps on extended knee
128
Patellofemoral grind test structure
Patellofemoral pathology
129
Patellofemoral grind test positive result
Pain with movement or unable to complete test
130
Valgus and varus refer to...
Angulation within shaft of a bone or at a joint in reference to the most proximal part of a bone or joint
131
Valgus
When the distal part is more lateral
132
Varus
When the distal part is more medial
