Anatomy: Bones and Joints

Question 1

What is the anatomical position?

Answer 1

1. Upright
2. Face forward
3. Feet toughing at ankles with toes upright
4. Arms by sides with palms facing forwards.
5. Erect penis in males

Question 2

Why do we use the anatomical position?

Answer 2

To provide a reference point for spatial description of the human body

Question 3

What are the three anatomical planes and what angle to they lie at in reference to each other?

Answer 3

Sagittal
Coronal
Transverse

90 Degrees

Question 4

What is a sagittal plane?

Answer 4

Vertical planes passing downwards - median sagittal plane.

Question 5

What is a coronal plane?

Answer 5

Vertical planes going through the side of the body at a right angle to sagittal planes.

Question 6

What are transverse planes?

Answer 6

Also known as horizontal planes as it cuts through the body from front to back.

Question 7

What are the three body cavities?

Answer 7

Cranial, Thoracic and Abdominal.

Diaphragm separates thoracic and abdominal.

Question 8

What does anterior mean?

Answer 8

Nearer to front

Question 9

What does posterior mean?

Answer 9

Nearer to back

Question 10

What does superior mean?

Answer 10

Nearer to head

Question 11

What does inferior mean?

Answer 11

Nearer to feet

Question 12

What does deep mean?

Answer 12

Further from surface

Question 13

What does superficial mean?

Answer 13

Closer to surface or on the surface

Question 14

What does medial mean?

Answer 14

Nearer to medial sagittal plane

Question 15

What does lateral mean?

Answer 15

Further from median sagittal plane

Question 16

Functions of the skeleton?

Answer 16

Support, protection, Locomotion, mineral stores, production of blood cells

Question 17

What are the two parts of the skeleton?

Answer 17

Axial and Appendicular

Question 18

What is in the axial part of the skeleton?

Answer 18

Skull, Vertebral column and thoracic cage

Question 19

What is in the appendicular part of the skeleton?

Answer 19

Limbs and limb girdles

Question 20

What are the 3 types of joints?

Answer 20

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

Question 21

Describe fibrous joint and its movement.

Answer 21

Found between bones or cartilage
Joined by fibrous CT
Has little movement

Question 22

What are the two types of fibrous joint?

Answer 22

Sutures and Syndesmoses

Question 23

What are sutures?

Answer 23

Fibrous joints formed between flat bones eg. skull

Question 24

What are Syndesmoses?

Answer 24

Formed between 2 long bones e.g distal end of tibia and fibula

Question 25

What are 2 types of cartilaginous joints?

Answer 25

Primary and Secondary

Question 26

Describe Primary joints.

Answer 26

Jointed by hyelin cartilage, has no movement and are found on epiphyseal growth plates

Question 27

Describe secondary joints.

Answer 27

Connected by fibrocartillage and are found in the mid-sagittal plane and offer limited movement.

Question 28

Describe synovial joints.

Answer 28

Allows movement Has a smooth bone articulation due to think layer of hyeline cartilage which is lubricated by synovial fluid secreted by synovial membrane The joint is enclosed in a CT capsule

Question 29

Name the 6 types of synovial joints.

Answer 29

``` Hinge Condyloid Ball and Socket Plane Pivot Saddle ```

Question 30

Movement of hinge?

Answer 30

One plane - flexion and extension - example is elbow

Question 31

Movement of Condyloid?

Answer 31

2 planes - flexion and extension, abduction and adduction and also circumduction. Example is wrist

Question 32

Movement of Ball and Socket?

Answer 32

3 planes - Flexion/extension, abduction/adduction and rotation. Example is glenohumeral joint - shoulder joint

Question 33

Movement of plane?

Answer 33

Allows a gliding movement Example is carpal bones

Question 34

Movement of pivot?

Answer 34

One bone rotating around the other Example is the distal/proximal radioulnar joints distal to elbow joint.

Question 35

Movement of saddle?

Answer 35

Same as condyloid joints yet saddle shaped

Question 36

Do humans show anatomical variation?

Answer 36

Yes, however if extreme its classed as an anatomical anomaly

Question 37

What is embryology?

Answer 37

Study of developmental changes in utero

Question 38

What is histology?

Answer 38

Study of microscopic images of tissues

Question 39

Use of histology?

Answer 39

Allows us to understand how parts of the body are put together physically

Question 40

What are the two main types of bone?

Answer 40

Spongy and Compact

Question 41

What is compact bone?

Answer 41

Dense bone forming the outside of the bone - protects body and provides support

Question 42

What is spongy bone?

Answer 42

Porous network found at the ends of long bones - allows space for blood vessles and making blood cells

Question 43

What are the two ways which bone grows?

Answer 43

Intramembranous and endochondral ossification

Question 44

How does intramembranous work?

Answer 44

Bone cells differentiate directly from embryonic mesenchyme and are organised to form a bone

Question 45

How does endochondral work?

Answer 45

The embryonic mesenchyme differentials to form hyelin cartilage model which is replaced by bone.

Question 46

What are the 2 types of bone marrow?

Answer 46

Red - Active marrow always making red blood cells Yellow - Inactive marrow which can convert to red marrow. Marrow cavity which has yellow marrow also has adipose tissue hence yellow

Question 47

Describe the funtion of lumps in bones.

Answer 47

Site at which white tendons are inserted into bone

Question 48

Function of smooth areas?

Answer 48

Points of articulation between bones

Question 49

Function of rough areas

Answer 49

Site of ligament or tendon insertion

Question 50

Function of grooves?

Answer 50

Wear and tear

Question 51

Function of holes?

Answer 51

Allow blood vessels or nerves to pass

Question 52

CT scan shows up soft tissue better than an MRI - True or False

Answer 52

False - CT used more for bones