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IMMS > Anatomy (Cardiorespiratory) > Flashcards

Anatomy (Cardiorespiratory) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the thoracic cavity?

A

The thoracic cavity is continuous with the neck via the superior thoracic aperture but is separated from the abdominal cavity by the diaphragm

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2
Q

What is the trachea?

A

Windpipe, which passes from the neck to the thorax

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3
Q

What is the oesophagus?

A

Carries swallowed food and fluid to the stomach; it
passes from the neck, into the thorax and through the diaphragm

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4
Q

What is the thoracic cage?

A

Rib cage

The bony skeleton of the thorax. It is semi-rigid and moves with breathing to allow the lungs to expand

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5
Q

What is the function of the thoracic cage?

A

● protects the thoracic (and some abdominal) viscera
● provides an attachment for the muscles of breathing and muscles that move the
upper limb
● is composed of the sternum (breastbone), 12 pairs of ribs and the thoracic
vertebrae.

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6
Q

Where is the sternum?

A

Lies anteriorly in the midline of the thoracic cage

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7
Q

What is the sternum composed of?

A

● manubrium – the superior part
● body – inferior to the manubrium
● xiphoid process (or xiphisternum) – inferior to the body

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8
Q

What is the suprasternal (jugular) notch?

A

Notch in the superior border of the manubrium

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9
Q

What does the manubrium articulate with?

A

Laterally, the manubrium articulates with the clavicle (collarbone) at the sternoclavicular joint

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10
Q

Where do the manubrium and body of sternum articulate?

A

The manubrium and body of the sternum articulate with each other at the manubriosternal joint, also known as the sternal angle (or the ‘angle of Louis’)

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11
Q

What are the anterior parts of the ribs composed of?

A

Costal cartilage (costal = relating to the ribs).
This gives the thoracic cage some ‘springiness’

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12
Q

Where do the ribs articulate with their costal cartilages?

A

At costochondral joints

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13
Q

Where do the costal cartilages of the upper ribs articulate with the sternum?

A

At sternocostal joints

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14
Q

Where do the ribs articulate posteriorly with the thoracic vertebrae?

A

At costovertebral joints

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15
Q

Where are intercostal muscles found and what do they do?

A

Intercostal muscles lie in the intercostal spaces between the ribs and move the thorax for breathing

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16
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

A

12
They lie posteriorly in the midline of the thoracic cage

17
Q

What do the thoracic vertebrae articulate with?

A

They articulate with each other at intervertebral joints and with the posterior parts of the ribs at costovertebral joints

18
Q

What type of muscle if the heart composed of?

A

Specialised smooth muscle

19
Q

What do the specialised nerve cells and fibres in the heart do?

A

Spontaneously generate and conduct the electrical activity that stimulates contraction of the myocardium (heart muscle)

20
Q

What do nerves under autonomic control do?

A

Sympathetic stimulation increases the heart rate

21
Q

What do nerves under parasympathetic control do?

A

Parasympathetic stimulation decreases the heart rate

22
Q

How many chambers does the heart have?

A

4
Right and left atria, and right and left ventricle

23
Q

Why do ventricles have thicker walls than atria.

A

The ventricles are the pumping chambers.
Their contraction generates high pressures to propel blood out of them

24
Q

What do valves do?

A

Ensure that blood flows only in one direction through the heart and cannot flow backwards

25
Q

What are the two different types of valves in the heart?

A

● Atrioventricular valves lie between the atria and ventricles (the tricuspid valve on the right and the mitral valve on the left).

● Semilunar valves lie between the ventricles and the large blood vessels that carry blood from them (the pulmonary valve at the entrance to the pulmonary trunk and the aortic valve at the entrance to the aorta).

26
Q

What is the myocardium supplied with?

A

Blood by the coronary arteries

27
Q

What is cardiopulmonary circulation?

A

The circulation between the heart and lungs.
In the cardiopulmonary circulation, arteries carry deoxygenated blood and veins carry oxygenated blood

Systemic circulation is the opposite

28
Q

What are the different between the functions of veins and arteries in the heart?

A

Veins carry blood towards the heart and arteries carry blood away from it – this is true for both the systemic and cardiopulmonary circulations

29
Q

What are the lungs?

A

Spongy organs within which gas exchange takes place

30
Q

What is the alveoli?

A

Microscopic air sacs in each lung

Each adult lung contains approximately 300 million alveoli, depending on size.

31
Q

How many lobes do each lung have?

A

● The right lung has three lobes – a superior (upper), middle and inferior (lower) lobe.
● The left lung has two lobes - an upper and a lower lobe

32
Q

What separates the lobes in lungs?

A

Fissures

33
Q

What is each lung served by?

A

● One pulmonary artery (carrying deoxygenated blood into the lung from the right ventricle).
● Two pulmonary veins (carrying oxygenated blood from the lung into the left atrium).
● One main bronchus (carrying air between the lung and the trachea).

34
Q

What is the bronchial tree?

A

The bronchial tree describes the branching system of tubes that conduct air into and out of the lungs.

35
Q

What do the walls of the trachea and bronchi contain?

A

Contains smooth muscle and cartilage

The cartilage acts as a scaffold and ensures that the trachea and bronchi remain open

36
Q

What do the walls of the bronchioles contain?

A

Only smooth muscle.
The smooth muscle can contract or relax; this is under autonomic control.

37
Q

What is bronchoconstriction?

A

Parasympathetic stimulation narrows the bronchioles

38
Q

What is bronchodilation?

A

Sympathetic stimulation opens the bronchioles

39
Q

What is surface anatomy?

A

Surface anatomy describes the study of anatomical structures by looking, feeling, and listening

IMMS (32 decks)

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