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IMMS > Anatomy (Intro To Nervous System And Neuroanatomy) > Flashcards

Anatomy (Intro To Nervous System And Neuroanatomy) Flashcards

1
Q

Cranial

A

‘Head end’

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2
Q

Caudal

A

‘Tail end’

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3
Q

Rostral

A

‘Towards the face’

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4
Q

What is the central nervous system (CNS)?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

A

All nervous tissues outside the CNS

Primarily nerves:
Cranial nerves (arise from the brain)
Spinal nerves (arise from the spinal cord)
Autonomic nerves

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6
Q

What is the somatic nervous system?

A

Controls voluntary activities, under conscious control

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7
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system?

A

Controls involuntary activities, not under conscious control

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8
Q

What is the cerebrum?

A

Largest part of the brain

Composed of masses of neurons and other cells that support them

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9
Q

What is the surface of the cerebrum called?

A

Cerebral cortex

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10
Q

Why is the cerebral cortex called ‘grey matter’?

A

Contains neuron cell bodies, which gives it a grey appearance

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11
Q

What happens in the grey matter?

A

Information is processed

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12
Q

What is the structure of the cerebral cortex?

A

Folded

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13
Q

What are the folds in the cerebral cortex called?

A

Gyri, singular gyrus

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14
Q

What are the grooves between folds in the cerebral cortex called?

A

Sulci, singular sulcus

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15
Q

What is found within the cerebral hemispheres?

A

Masses of axons
Collection of cell bodies called nuclei

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16
Q

How many lobes is the cerebral hemisphere split into, and what are they called?

A

4 lobes
- frontal
- parietal
- occipital
- temporal

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17
Q

What is the cerebellum?

A

Attached to the brainstem, functions in balance, coordination and movement

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18
Q

What are the 3 parts of the brainstem?

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla

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19
Q

What are the functions of the brainstem?

A

Relays information between the cerebrum, spinal cord and cerebellum
Gives rise to most of the cranial nerves
Contains ‘centres’ that regulate breathing and consciousness

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20
Q

What is the spinal cord?

A

Continuous with the medulla of the brainstem and is protected by the vertebral column

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21
Q

How long is the spinal cord?

A

Shorter than the vertebral column
Cord ends around the level of L1-L2

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22
Q

What are tracts?

A

Bundles of axons that connect different parts of the CNS to each other

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23
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are attached to the spinal cord?

A

31

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24
Q

What do the spinal nerves do?

A

Correspond to a spinal cord segment and carry information between the
cord (CNS) and periphery (etc skin,muscles)

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25
Q

What are ventricles?

A

Cavities inside the brain, filled with cerebrospinal fluid

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26
Q

Where is cerebrospinal fluid produced?

A

Produced by specialised cells within the ventricles

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27
Q

What does the cerebrospinal fluid do?

A

Provides nutrients to the brain

Protects the brain by providing a cushion against trauma

Prevents delicate nerves and vessels from being compressed between the brain and internal surface of the skull

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28
Q

What are the meninges?

A

Three membranes that lie between the brain and spinal cord and the bones that protect them.

29
Q

What are the three meningeal layers?

A

Dura mater: lines the inner surface of the skull and vertebral column. It is thick and strong.

Arachnoid mater: lies deep to the dura. It is thin and loosely encloses the brain and spinal cord.

Pia mater lies: deep to the arachnoid. It is adhered to the surface of the brain and spinal cord. It is very thin and cannot be seen with the naked eye.

30
Q

What do the meninges do?

A

Protect the brain

Provide a scaffold for blood vessels

31
Q

What arteries supply the brain?

A

Left & right internal carotid artery

Left and right vertebral arteries

32
Q

What is the circle of wills?

A

Arteries on the inferior surfare of the cerebrum giving rise to branches that form an interconnected ring

Example of anastomosis, branches from otherwise separate arteries with each other

33
Q

What is the role of veins in the brain?

A

Drain blood from the brain

There are deep veins within the brain and superficial veins on the surface of the brain

There are also large veins enclosed within the dura mater called dural venous sinuses

34
Q

What is the somatic nervous system?

A

The somatic nervous system controls voluntary activities. It has a motor and sensory component

35
Q

What is a motor component of the somatic system?

A

The motor component controls the voluntary contraction of skeletal muscle. For example, it controls the movement of our limbs, trunk, and face

36
Q

What is a sensory component of the somatic system?

A

The sensory component sends information about peripheral stimuli from the sensory receptors in the body to the CNS, which reaches our conscious perception (e.g. touch, pain, temperature)

37
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system?

A

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) controls involuntary activities such as heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, digestion, and sexual arousal.

Like the somatic system, the ANS has a motor and sensory component

38
Q

What is the motor component of the autonomic system?

A

The motor component of the ANS controls smooth muscle, glands, and cardiac muscle. It is subdivided into two parts:

● The sympathetic nervous system = ‘flight and fight’
● The parasympathetic nervous system = ‘rest and digest’

39
Q

What is the sensory component of the autonomic system?

A

The sensory component of the ANS conveys sensory information about the internal environment from the viscera (organs) to the CNS, but it does not reach our conscious perception.

An example is blood pressure monitoring

40
Q

What are sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves?

A

Motor to smooth muscle, glands, and cardiac muscle.

They are also called visceral efferent nerves, as they leave the CNS and travel to the periphery.

They have generally opposite, but coordinated actions.

41
Q

What happens during the four F’s: ‘fight, fright, flight, and freeze’?

A

Heart rate increases and the bronchi dilate. Peripheral blood vessels constrict and divert blood away from the skin and gut to the skeletal muscles in preparation for activity.
The pupils dilate, hair stands on end and sweat glands are stimulated.

42
Q

What happens during ‘rest and digest’?

A

Heart rate decreases and the bronchi constrict. Glands are stimulated (e.g.
salivary glands, digestive secretions) and gut activity (peristalsis) is stimulated. The pupils constrict.

43
Q

Where do the first neurons lie in the CBS

A

● Sympathetic neuron cell bodies lie in the thoracic and upper lumbar segments of the spinal cord (T1 - L2/3).

● Parasympathetic neuron cell bodies lie in the brainstem and sacral spinal cord (S2 - S4).

44
Q

What happens to the first neurons?

A

Their axons leave the CNS and synapse with a second neuron, whose cell body lies in a ganglion (a collection of cell bodies outside the CNS)

45
Q

What is the first neuron called?

A

The first neuron is called a preganglionic or presynaptic neuron

46
Q

What is the second neuron called?

A

The second neuron is called a postganglionic or postsynaptic neuron

47
Q

Where is the sympathetic ganglia?

A

Sympathetic ganglia lie closer to the CNS than to target organs, so their preganglionic axons are short, and their postganglionic axons are long.

48
Q

Where is the parasympathetic ganglia?

A

Parasympathetic ganglia lie very close to target organs (or even within them) so their preganglionic axons are long, and their postganglionic axons are short.

49
Q

What are sensory autonomic fibres also called?

A

Visceral afferent fibres, they convey information from the viscera back to the CNS

50
Q

What do visceral afferent fibres do?

A

● They monitor our internal environment (e.g. blood pressure, levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in our blood) and send information back to the CNS. These sensory inputs elicit reflex (automatic, unconscious) responses, which constantly maintain our internal environment.

● Visceral afferents also convey information to the CNS about distension, stretch, spasm or ischaemia of the viscera, which may cause pain or discomfort that does reach consciousness.

● Visceral afferents travel back to the CNS along the paths of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves.

51
Q

Where do cranial nerves arise from?

A

Cerebrum and brain stem

52
Q

How many cranial nerves are there?

A

Twelve pairs

53
Q

What are cranial nerve nuclei?

A

Collections of cell bodies in the brain stem associated with the cranial nerves called cranial nerve nuclei (singular = nucleus).

54
Q

What happens to cranial nerves when they leave the CNS?

A

Travel into the periphery, so they are part of the peripheral nervous system.

55
Q

How do cranial nerves exit the skull?

A

By passing through holes in the base of the skull called foramina (singular = foramen).

56
Q

How many spinal nerves are attached to the spinal cord?

A

31 pairs

57
Q

What is the arrangement of spinal nerves?

A

● 8 cervical spinal nerves (C1 - C8)
● 12 thoracic spinal nerves (T1 - T12)
● 5 lumbar spinal nerves (L1- L5)
● 5 sacral spinal nerves (S1 - S5)
● 1 coccygeal spinal nerve (Co1).

58
Q

What do each of the nerves carry?

A

The spinal nerves are mixed nerves and carry:
● somatic motor fibres from the CNS to the body
● sympathetic (i.e. autonomic motor) fibres from the CNS to the body
● somatic sensory fibres from the body into the CNS.

59
Q

What is the purpose of the vertebral column?

A

Protects the spinal cord

60
Q

How do spinal nerves move?

A

Pass through the gaps formed between adjacent vertebrae, the intervertebral foramina.

61
Q

Where do the cell bodies of motor neurons lie?

A

Ventral horn of the spinal cord (grey matter)

62
Q

How do the axons leave the cord?

A

The axons leave the cord via a series of rootlets, which merge to form the ventral (motor) root of the spinal nerve.

These motor fibres stimulate the voluntary contraction of skeletal muscle.

63
Q

Where do the cell bodies of peripheral sensory neurones lie?

A

The cell bodies of peripheral sensory neurons lie in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) which are visible with the naked eye as small ‘swellings’ on the dorsal roots

64
Q

How many axons do peripheral sensory neurons have?

A

Instead of a single axon, these neurons have two processes, one that projects peripherally into the spinal nerve and one that projects centrally into the dorsal horn of the spinal cord (grey matter).

65
Q

How does sensory information travel?

A

Sensory information travels from peripheral receptors (e.g. in the skin) towards the DRG via the spinal nerve and then from the DRG to the dorsal horn via a series of rootlets.

66
Q

What are sympathetic fibres?

A

All 31 pairs of spinal nerves contain sympathetic fibres, which stimulate sweat glands and the contraction of smooth muscle in peripheral blood vessels and the hair follicles.

67
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

A dermatome is the area of skin innervated by a single spinal nerve

68
Q

What is a myotome?

A

A myotome is the group of muscles innervated a single spinal nerve. In clinical practice, we assess the myotomes by asking the patient to move the joint associated with that muscle group and nerve

69
Q

What is done when examining sensation?

A

We assess the patient’s ability to sense touch, pain, temperature, vibration, and joint position sense (proprioception) because these different sensory modalities travel up the spinal cord via different pathways

IMMS (32 decks)

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