Anatomy Chapter 4 Flashcards
(96 cards)
0
Q
what are the main tissues found in the body?
A
Epithelial
connective
muscle
nueral
1
Q
A group of similar cells specialized to perform a specific function are?
A
Tissues
2
Q
what do Epithelial tissues do?
A
cover surfaces
line spaces/ passageways
form glands - produce specialized secretions
control permeability
3
Q
what do connective tissues do?
A
- fill internal spaces
2 support other tissues - transport materials
- store lipids
4
Q
Where are Muscle tissues found?
A
skeletal muscles
heart
wall of various hollow/tubular organs
5
Q
where are neural tissues found?
A
brain
spinal cord
nerves
6
Q
Epithelial cells are often connected to a basement membrane so they exhibit ____.
A
Polarity
7
Q
the surface of the cell connected to the basement membrane is called what?
A
basil surface
8
Q
surface of epithelial cell that isnt connected to the basement membrane is called what?
A
apical surface
9
Q
T/F : Epithelial cells can regenerate
A
T
10
Q
T/F : epithelial cell have a large blood supply
A
F: they lack blood supply
11
Q
- how are epithelial tissues packed?
2. do they have a lot or little extracellular membrane?
A
- mostly tightly packed
2. they have little extracellular material
12
Q
how are Epithelial cells classified?
A
by cell shape and layering
13
Q
what are the three cell shapes of epithelial tissues?
A
Squamous
cuboidal
columnar
14
Q
what are the classifications of layering for epithelial cells?
A
simple
stratified
pseudostratified
15
Q
describe simple layering
A
one layer of connected cells
16
Q
describe stratified layering
A
2 or more layers of connected cells
17
Q
describe Pseudostratified
A
inbetween simple and stratified (hard to tell)
18
Q
describe squamous
A
scale-like cells
look like fried eggs
flat
nucleus “on top” of the cell
19
Q
describe cuboidal cells
A
cube shaped
nucleus in the middle of cell
20
Q
describe columnar
A
column shaped cells
nucleus toward the “bottom” of the cell
usually ciliated
21
Q
where can you find Simple squamous epithelial tissues? and what is their function
A
- minimal stress areas
- alveoli, blood vessels, heart chambers, inner lining of cornea - allows for rapid diffusion, filtration, secretion, protection, reduces friction
22
Q
where can you find Simple cuboidal epithelial tissues? and what are their function?
A
- lining of some ducts, intestins, kidneys tubules, exocrine glands, ovary surfaces
- absorption, protection and secretion
23
Q
where can you find Simple columnar epithelial tissues? what are its functions?
A
- lining of uterine tract, lining of stomach, intestines, gallbladder, collecting ducts of kidneys
- protection, secretion, absorption
24
describe Stratified squamous, Keratinized cells
many layers
| surface cells are dead, flat, and filled with the protein keratin
25
Describe stratified squamous, nonkeratinized
many layers
no keratin in cells
surface layer alive, flat and moist
26
where can you find Stratified squamous, keratinized epithelial tissues? what are its functions?
1. dermis of the skin
| 2. protection of underlying tissue
27
where can you find Stratified squamous, nonkeratinized epithelial tissues? what are its functions?
1. lining of oral cavity, part of pharynx, esophagus, vagina, anus
2. protection of underlying tissue
28
where can you find Stratified cuboidal epithelial tissues? what are its functions?
1. found in large ducts in most exocrine glands, in male urethra
2. protection, secretion
29
where can you find Stratified columnar epithelial tissues? what are its functions?
1. Rare, some ducts of exocrine glands, in some regions of male urethra
2. protection, secretion
30
where can you find Pseudostratified columnar epithelial tissues? what are its functions?
1. in most respiratory tract, nasal cavity lining, pharynx, trachea, bronchi
* * non- ciliated is rare
31
where can you find Transitional Epithelium epithelial tissues? what are its functions?
1. lining of urinary bladder, ureters, part of urethra
| 2. distention, relaxation to accommodate urine volume changes
32
what is the function of Mesenchyme tissue? where is it found?
1. common origin for all other connective tissue types
| 2. throughout the body of the embryo, fetus, adult (amnion)
33
what is the function of Mucous Connective tissue? where is it found?
1. support of structures in umbilical cord attaching fetus to mother
2. umbilical cord of fetus
34
a collection of epithelial tissues that produce a secretion are called what?
Glands
35
a gland that release secretion into internal fluid (no ducts used) is called?
endocrine gland
36
A gland that releases secretion via ducts (tubular passageways) onto the surface of an epithelial tissue is called what?
Exocrine gland
37
name the three types of exocrine glands
serous
mucous
mixed gland
38
exocrine glad who's secretion is watery is a?
serous gland
39
exocrine glad who's secretion is a thick, slimy secretion is a?
Mucous Gland
40
exocrine gland that has both serous and mucous secretion is a?
mixed gland
41
____ are the only glandular epithelial cells that are found by themselves (scattered among cells of other epithelial tissue)
Goblet cells
42
how are connective tissues categorized?
by physical properties
43
connective tissues contain __ extracellular materials than epithelia tissue.
more
44
T/F : connective tissues are exposed to the outside environment
F : they are not exposed to outside environment
45
what are the three features that connective tissues have?
have specialized cells, extracellular protein fibers, ground substance
46
Ground substance + protein fibers =
Matrix
47
what are the 3 general categories of connective tissue?
Connective tissue proper
supporting connective tissue
fluid connective tissue
48
what are the functions of connective tissue proper
connects tissues
protect organs
store lipids
49
what is the function of supporting connective tissues?
| where can it be found?
provide structure support of body.
| bone, cartilage
50
what is the function of fluid connective tissue?
| where can it be found?
1. transport substances around the body
| 2. blood and lymphs
51
what are the resident cell types in Connective tissue proper?
Fibroblasts
adipocytes
fixed macrophages
mesenchymal cells
52
what are the wandering cell types in Connective tissue proper.
mast cells
plasma cells
free macrophages
leukocytes
53
what are the types of protein fibers in connective tissue proper?
collagen
elastic
reticular
54
type of protein fiber in connective tissue proper that is tough and rope like.
collagen
55
type of protein fibers in connective tissue proper that have "give".
elastic
56
type of protein fiber in connective tissue proper that is thin and delicate
reticular
57
What are the two broad categories of connective tissues proper?
Dense
| loose tissues
58
what division of connective tissue proper, mostly made of protein fibers with little ground substance and is tough
Dense tissue
59
what is a division of connective tissue proper with lots of ground substance and is squishy and cushiony. what does it do?
loose tissue
| fills spaces bt organs, surrounds/stabilizes/cushions organs
60
what are the three types of dense tissue
Dense regular
Dense irregular
elastic
61
kind of dense tissue that has fibers that run parallel, mostly collagen protein and is tough
Dense regular
62
kind of dense tissue that has fibers that are in a random, meshwork arrangement
Dense Irregular
63
dense connective tissue that os mostly elastic protein fibers and they run parallel
Elastic
64
where are Dense connective tissue proper Regular tissue in the body?
tendons
| ligaments
65
where are dense connective tissue proper irregular located in the body?
dermis of the skin
66
where is dense connective tissue proper elastic located in the body?
elastic connections of spinal vertebrae
67
what is the ground substance in loose connective tissue proper like?
```
thick
syrupy
gooey
semi-fluid
(like molasses)
```
68
what are the 3 types of loose connective tissue proper
Areolar
adipose
reticular tissue
69
where are loose connective tissue proper areolar in the body?
surrounding nerves
vessels
organs
bt skin and underlying muscle
70
Protein fibers packed more loosely and contains collagen, elastin, reticular
loose connective tissue proper areolar
71
loose connective tissue that consists mostly of fat cells with very little or no ground substance or protein fibers
Loose connective tissue proper adipose
72
where is loose connective tissue proper adipose in the body?
used as cushioning/packing material around organs, between skin and underlying muscle, also for energy storage.
73
loose connective tissue proper that contains reticular protein fibers and blood cells
loose connective tissue proper reticular
74
where is loose connective tissue proper reticular located in the body?
```
used to make delicate organs like...
spleen
liver
lymph nodes
bone marrow
"think of spider fibers brought together to make a mesh like tissue
```
75
what are the two divisions of supporting connective tissue?
cartilage
| bone
76
cartilage's ground substance is made up os a firm ____. cells suspended in this gel are called _____
gel, chondrocytes
77
what is cartilage typically surrounded by?
perichrondrium (layer of protective dense connective tissue)
78
what are the three types of cartilage found in the body?
hyaline
elastic
fibrocartilage
79
what is the function of hyaline cartilage
provides stiff but somewhat flexible support and reduced friction between boney surfaces
80
a kind of cartilage that is slick, has protein fibers dissolved in the ground substance and has chondrocytes
hyaline
81
what the function of elastic cartilage
support but tolerates distortion without damage and returns to original shape
82
where is elastic cartilage in the body?
auricle of the external ear, epiglottis, auditory canal, cuneiform cartilages of larynx
83
a kind of cartilage protein fibers not dissolved, softer, squishy, pliable
Elastic cartilage
84
what if the function of fibrocartilage?
resists compression, prevents bone to bone contact, limits relative movement
85
where is fibrocartilage located in the body
pads within the knee joint, between pubic bones of pelvis, intervertebral discs
86
kind of cartilage names for abundance of protein fibers made of collagen, tightly packed and parallel, very tough
fibrocartilage
87
the ground substance of bone is ____ due to ____ salts
solid
| Ca2+
88
the main cell type found in bone is ___ and its protein fibers are mostly composed of ____
osteocytes, collagen
89
what is the Fluid connective tissue that is made mainly of water with dissolved substances
blood
90
membranes are combinations of what?
epithelial
connective tissues
** epithelial tissue is on top of connective tissue
91
what are the 4 kinds of membranes
serous
mucous
synovial
cutaneous
92
what kind of membrane lines internal body cavities and who's epithelial tissues secrete watery fluid
serous
93
what kind of membrane lines passageways that are open to the outside environment and have epithelial cells that secrete thick fluid
mucous
94
what kind of membrane lines joint spaces, and have epithelial cells secrete a thin fluid
synovial
95
What kind of membrane has epithelial and connective tissues in the skin?
Cutaneous
