Anatomy Final Flashcards
(128 cards)
1
Q
In which of the following areas does sorting and editing of sensory impulses take place?
A
Thalamic nuclei
2
Q
Which of the following areas of the brain is most involved in maintaining the body’s homeostasis?
A
Hypothalamus
3
Q
What is the autonomic control center?
A
Hypothalamus
4
Q
Which type of brain waves are seen when a person is concentrating on solving a problem?
A
Beta waves
5
Q
Which part of the brain is involved in thirst sensations?
A
Hypothalamus
6
Q
What part of the ear evaluates rotational movement?
A
Semicicular canals
7
Q
What part of the ear responds to gravity and the movement of the head?
A
Vestibule
8
Q
What part of the ear transmits vibrations into the inner ear?
A
Oval window
9
Q
What part of the ear is the opening from the inner ear to the middle ear?
A
Round window
10
Q
What is conduction deafness?
A
When sound conduction to the fluid of the inner ear is impeded
11
Q
What does the conjunctival mucous membrane cover?
A
Inner surface of the eyelid and the visible portion of the sclera
12
Q
The near point of vision is shortest in who?
A
Children
13
Q
What happens to a lens when it focuses on a distant object?
A
It flattens
14
Q
What percent of sensory receptors are involved with sight?
A
70 percent
15
Q
Ciliary glands are modified what?
A
Sweat glands
16
Q
What does retinal deattachment lead to?
A
Blindness
17
Q
What are the human eyes best adapt for?
A
Distant vision
18
Q
What are one of the few types of neurons that can replace themselves in adult life?
A
Olfactory receptors
19
Q
What is glutamate?
A
Neurotransmitter involved with hearing in the inner ear
20
Q
What is the vascular layer of the eye composed of?
A
Choroid
Ciliary body
Iris
21
Q
What muscles dilate the pupil of the eye?
A
Radial muscles
22
Q
Where is the olfactory epithelium located?
A
In the roof of the nasal cavity
23
Q
What is a myopic eye?
A
Nearsighted
Eyeball is too long
24
Q
What is a hyperopic eye?
A
Farsighted
Eyeball is too short
25
What are the functions of tears?
Moisturize the eye
| Remove unwanted material
26
What makes tears and where do they go?
Lacrimal gland produces tears
| Exit the eye through lacrimal canaliculi, then drain into lacrimal duct
27
What is a sty?
Sty is an inflammation of a gland in the eye
28
What is the function of the cornea?
bends light that enters the eye
29
What is the function of the aqueous humor?
Supplies nutrients and oxygen to lens and cornea
| Supports eyeball internally
30
What is the function of the pupil?
Allows light to enter the eye
31
What is the function of the iris?
Controls pupil size
| Controls amount of light entering the eye
32
What is the function of the ciliary body?
Controls lens shape
33
What is the function of the lens?
Helps to focus light on the retina
34
What is the function of vitreous humor?
Transmits light
| Holds neural layer of retina in place
35
What is the function of the sclera?
Protects and shapes the eyeball
| Provides anchoring site for extrinsic eye muscles
36
What is the functions of the choroid?
Blood vessels nourish all eye layers
37
How many photons of light does it take to activate a rod?
| A cone?
1 photon of light
| 100 photons of light
38
Where is the sense of smell processed in the brain?
Frontal lobe
39
What is the volate papillae?
7-12 large taste buds that form a V in the back of the tongue
40
What are fungiform papillae?
Small taste buds all over the tongue
41
What are foliate papillae?
Taste buds on the side of the tongue
42
What are the five basic senses of taste?
```
Sweet
Salty
Sour
Bitter
Umani
```
43
Where is taste perceived in the brain?
Gustatory cortex of the insula
44
What is the function of auricle?
Funnels sound waves into external acoustic meatus
45
What is the function of ceruminous glands?
Secrete earwax to repel foreign bodies and insects
46
What is the function of the tympanic membrane?
Sound causes it to vibrate which sends vibrations to middle ear or bones
47
What is the function of the auditory tube?
Connects middle ear with nasopharynx
48
What is the function of the ossicles?
Transmits vibrations from eardrum to oval window
| Sets fluids of internal ear into motion
49
What is the function of the stapedes and tensor tympani?
Muscles that prevent ossicles from over vibrating
50
What is the function of the perilymph and endolymph?
Conducts sound vibrations and respond to mechanical forces
51
What part of the brain functions in speech?
Broca's area
52
What part of the brain functions in motor function?
Precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe
53
What part of the brain functions in sensory function?
Postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe
54
What part of the brain functions in visual sensation?
Occipital lobe
55
What part of the brain functions in smell?
Piriform lobe
56
What is white matter?
Groups of axons in the CNS
57
What do association nerves do?
Connect different parts of the same hemisphere
58
What do commissural fibers do?
Connect corresponding gray areas of two hemispheres
59
What do projection fibers do?
Connect cerebral cortex to lower brain or lower areas
| Run vertically
60
What is the function of the pons?
Contains nuclei that are part of the reticular formation
| Relays info from cerebrum to cerebellum
61
What is the function of the medulla?
Autonomic reflex center involved in maintaining homeostasis
62
What is the function of the midbrain?
Visual and auditory reflex centers
63
What are the four adult brain regions?
Cerebral hemispheres
Diencephalon
Brain stem
Cerebellum
64
What are the four considerations of the cerebral cortex?
Contains three kinds of functional areas (motor, sensory and association)
Each hemisphere deals with the opposite side
There is specialization of each hemisphere
No functional area of the cortex acts alone
65
Where is the primary motor cortex located?
Located in precentral gyrus
66
What is the function of the primary motor cortex?
Precise and skilled voluntary movement
67
Where is the premotor cortex located?
Anterior to precentral gyrus
68
What is the function of the premotor cortex?
Plans movement
| Voluntary actions dependent on sensory feedback
69
Where is the Broca's area located?
Anterior to inferior region of premotor cortex
70
What is the function of the broca's area?
Speech production
71
Where is the pre-frontal cortex located?
In/anterior to premotor cortex
72
What is the function of the pre-frontal cortex?
Voluntary movement of eyes
73
What is the function of the primary somatosensory cortex?
Recieve info from skin
| Form proprioreceptors
74
What is the function of the somatosensory association cortex?
Integrates sensory input to produce an understanding of the object
75
What is the function of the primary visual cortex?
Receives visual info
76
What is the function of the visual association area?
uses past tense events to interpret stimuli
77
What is the function of the primary auditory cortex?
Interprets sounds for pitch loudness and location
78
What is the function of the auditory association area?
Permits perception of sound stimulus
79
What is the function of the olfactory cortex?
Conscious awareness of different odors
80
What is the function of the gustatory cortex?
Perceives taste
81
What is the function of the vestibular cortex?
Perception of visceral sensations
82
What is the multimodal association area?
Receive inputs from multiple senses
| Sends output to multiple ares
83
What is lateralization of cortex?
Each cortex has abilities not shared by partner
84
What are the three white fiber tracts?
Association
Commissural
Projection
85
What is the function of the thalamus?
Relay station for information entering cerebral cortex
86
What is the function of the hypothalamus?
Regulates autonomic nervous system
| Controls endocrine system
87
What is the function of the epithalamus?
Regulates sleep-wake cycle
88
What is the function of the cerebellum?
Process and fine-tunes motor activity
Thinking, language and emotion
Balance and posture
89
What are the parts of the diencephalon?
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus
90
In which of the following areas does sorting and editing of sensory impulses take place?
Thalamic nuclei
91
What part of the brain is most involved in homeostasis?
Hypothalamus
92
What are the functions of the basal ganglia?
Starting, stopping, and monitoring arm swinging
93
Which part of the cerebellum is involved in planning?
Lateral part of the hemisphere
94
Where is te primary auditory cortex located?
Superior margin of temporal lobe
95
What are the sensory receptors classified by type?
```
Mechanoreceptors - mechanical force
Thermoreceptors - Temperature change
Chemoreceptors - Chemicals in solution
Photoeceptors - Light
Nocireceptors - Potentially damaging stimuli resulting in pain
```
96
What are exteroreceptors?
Sensitive to stimuli outside the body
97
What are interorecptors?
Respond to stimuli within the body
98
What are proprioreceptors?
Skeletal muscles, joints and ligaments
99
What are the three types of nonencapsulated nerve endings?
Free nerve endings
Tactile (Merkel) discs
Hair follicle receptors
100
What are the encapsulated nerve endings?
```
Tactile (meissner's) corpuscles
Lamellar (pacinian) corpuscles
Ruffini endings
Muscle spindles
Tendon organs
```
101
What are Meissner's corpuscles?
Disciminative touch
| Hairless skin
102
What are Pacinian corpuscles?
Stimulated by deep pressure
| Dermis, subcutaneous tissue
103
What are ruffini endings?
Respond to deep cutaneous pressure
104
What are muscle spindles?
Found in perimysium of skeletal muscle
| Detect muscle stretch and initiate a reflex
105
What are tendon organs?
Located in tendons
| Initiates a reflex that causes contracting muscle to relax
106
What are the levels of perception?
Receptor - sensory receptors
Circuit - processing in ascending pathways
Perceptual - Processing in cortical sensory areas
107
What are phasic receptor adaptation?
Gives bursts of pulses at beginning and end of stimulus
| Report changes in internal or external enviornment
108
What are tonic receptor adaptation?
Provide sustained response, with little to no interruption
| Nociceptors and proprioceptors
109
What is referred pain?
pain stimulating from one area is perceived as coming from another part
110
What are the five componets of reflex arches?
Receptor - site of stimulus action
Sensory neuron - transmits afferent impulses to CNS
Integration - synapse between sensory and motor neuron
Motor neuron - Conduct efferent impulses from integration center to effector organ
Effector - muscle fiber or gland cell that responds to effector impulses
111
What are the twelve pairs of cranial nerves?
```
Olfactory
Optic
Occulomotor
Trochlear
Trigeminal
Adbucens
Facial
Vestibulocochlear
Glassopharyngeal
Vagus
Acessory
Hypoglossal
```
112
What is the function of olfactory nerve?
Runs from nasal mucosa to synapse with olfactory bulb
113
What is the function of the optic nerve?
Sensory nerve of vision
114
What is the function of the occulomotor nerve?
Supplies four of six extrinsic muscles that move eyeball
115
What is the function of the trochlear nerve?
Innervates an extrinsic eye muscle
116
What is the function of the trigeminal nerve?
Sensory fbers to the face and motor fibers to chewing muscles
117
What is the function of the abducens nerve?
Controls extrinsic eye muscle that abducts the eyeball
118
What is the function of the facial nerve?
Innervates muscles of facial expression
119
What is the function of the vestibulocochlear nerve?
Sensory nerve for hearing and balance
120
What is the function of the glassopharyngeal nerve?
Innervates tongue and pharynx
121
What is the function of the vagus?
Extends to thorax and abdomen
122
What is the function of the accessory nerve?
Accessory part of the vagus
123
What is the function of the hypoglossal?
Under the tongue
| Innervates tongue muscle
124
What is sensation?
Awareness of changes in the internal and external enviornments
125
What is perception?
Conscious interpretation of these stimuli
126
How are the spinal nerves divided?
```
Cervical nerves C1-C8
Thoracic nerves T1-T12
Lumbar nerves L1-L5
Sacral nerves S1-S5
Coccygeal nerve Co1
```
127
What are preganglionic neuron chains?
Cell body of first neuron
128
What are postganglionic neuron chains?
Second motor neuron
