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Anatomy and Physiology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of epithelium?

A

Covering and lining epithelia - Skin

Glandular epithelia - secretory tissue in glands

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2
Q

What are the functions of the epithelium?

A 
Protection
Excretion
Absorption
Secretion
Filtration
Sensory reception
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3
Q

What are the five characteristics of epithelia tissue?

A 
Polarity
Specialized contacts
Supported by connective tissue
Avasscular
Can regenerate
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4
Q

What are the four types of tissue?

A

Connective - Supports and protects
Muscular - Produces movement
Epithelium - Covers and forms lining
Nervous - Controls

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5
Q

What is the basement membrane?

A

Basal and reticular lamina
Reinforces epithelial sheet
Resists stretching and tearing
Defines epithelial boundary

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6
Q

How are adjacent cells bound in epithelial tissue?

A

Desmosomes and tight junctions

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7
Q

What is the reticular lamina?

A

Connective tissue that supports the epithelium
Deep to the basal lamina
Network of collagen fibers

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8
Q

What is simple epithelia?

A

One cell layer thick

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9
Q

What is stratified epithelia?

A

Two or more layers of cells

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10
Q

What are the three different cell shapes?

A

Squamous - flattened
Cuboidal - cubes
Columnar - columns

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11
Q

What are the different types of epithelia tissue?

A 
Simple squamous
Simple cuboidal
Simple columnar
Pseudostratified columnar
Stratified squamous
Stratified cuboidal
Stratified columnar
Transitional
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12
Q

What is significant about simple squamous cells and where are they located?

A

Allows materials to pass by diffusion and filtration

Found in kidneys, aveoli, and blood vessels

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13
Q

What is the endothelium?

A

Simple squamous tissue that lines the lymphatic vessels, blood vessels and heart

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14
Q

What is the mesothelium?

A

Simple squamous epithelium of serus membranes in ventral cavity

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15
Q

What is significant about simple cuboidal cells and where are they located?

A

Functions in secretion and absorption

Found in kidney, tubules, ovary, surface, ducts of small glands

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16
Q

What is significant about simple columnar cells and where are they located?

A

Function in absorption and secretion of mucus and enzymes

Found in digestive tract, gall bladder and excretory ducts

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17
Q

What is significant about pseudostratified columnar cells and where are they found?

A

Secrets substances, particularly mucus
Propels mucus with cilia
Found in trachea and lining bronchi into lungs

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18
Q

What is significant about stratified squamous cells and where are they found?

A

Protects underlying tissues

Found in skin, mouth and esophagus

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19
Q

What is significant about stratified cuboidal cells and where are they found?

A

Found in sweat and mammary glands

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20
Q

What is significant about transitional cells and where are they found?

A

Ability to change shape with stretch

Found in bladder

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21
Q

What is significant about stratified columnar cells and where are they found

A

Found in pharynx and male urethra

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22
Q

What is a gland?

A

One or more cells that make and secrete a secretion

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23
Q

What are the two types of glands?

A

Endocrine - ductless gland, secretion right into blood or lymph
Exocrine - Secretions released onto skin or into organs

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24
Q

What are unicellular glands called?

A

Goblet cells

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25
What does the pancreas secrete?
``` Insulin (endocrine) Pancreatic juices (exocrine) ```
26
What are the three types of secretion?
Merocrine - secretes as produced, secretes by exocytosis (Pancreas, sweat glands, salivary) Holocrine - Accumulates products within and then ruptures (oil glands) Apocrine - Accumulates products within, but only tip ruptures (Mammary glands)
27
What are tubular glands?
Straight cells
28
What are alveolar cells?
Bulb shaped
29
What are the four main classes of connective tissue?
Connective tissue proper Cartilage Bone Blood
30
What are the major functions of connective tissue?
``` Binds and supports Protects Transport Insulation Fuel reserve ```
31
What are the characteristics of connective tissue?
Have mesenchyme as a common tissue of origin Have varying degree of vascularity Have extra cellular matrix (liquid and fibers)
32
What are the three elements that make up connective tissue?
Ground substance Fibers Cells
33
What is the ground substance in connective tissue?
Interstitial fluid - fluid surrounding cell Adhesion proteins Proteoglycans
34
What do the fibers do in connective tissue?
Provide support
35
What are the three types of fibers in connective tissue?
Collagen - Thick fibers, strong structural support Elastic - Thin stringy, allow stretch and recoil Reticular - Strong but also allow stretch
36
What are the types of cells in connective tissue?
``` Blasts Cytes Fat cells White blood cells mast cells macrophages ```
37
What do mast cells do?
Reduce inflamation
38
What are the subclasses of connective tissue proper?
Loose connective tissue | Dense connective tissue
39
What are the characteristics of loose connective tissue?
Support and bind other tissues Store nutrients as fat Defend against infection
40
What are the subclasses of dense connective tissue?
Dense regular Dense irregular Elastic
41
What are the characteristics of dense regular tissue?
Attaches muscles to bone or muscles | Tendons and ligaments
42
What are the characteristics of dense irregular tissue?
Withstands tension in many directions | Joints and dermis of the skin
43
What are the characteristics of elastic tissue?
Allows to recoil after switching | Walls of arteries
44
What are the characteristics of cartilage?
Tough yet flexible Lacks nerve fibers Avascular
45
What are the types of cartilage?
Hyaline Elastic Fibrocartilage
46
What are the characteristics of hyaline cartilage?
Supports and reinforces Serves as a resilient cushion Covers ends of bones, ribs
47
What are the characteristics of elastic cartilage?
Maintains shape while allowing great flexibility | Supports external ear
48
What are the characteristics of fibrocartilage?
Allows to absorb compressive shock | Inter vertebral discs and knee joint
49
What are the characteristics of bone?
Has inorganic calcium salts Supports and protects Also called osseous tissue Stores fat and synthesizes blood cells in cavities
50
What is the function of blood?
Transportation
51
What is the function of muscle?
Highly vascularized | Provides movement
52
What are the three types of muscle?
Skeletal - striations, multinucleated, voluntary Cardiac - Intercalated discs, heart contractions Smooth muscle - Involuntary, no striations, found lining hollow organs
53
What are neurons?
Cells that conduct and transmit electrical signals
54
What are neuroglia?
Supporting cells that support, insulate, and protect neurons
55
What is the soma?
Area where the nucleus is located in a nervous cell
56
What is the dendrite?
Extensions from nerve cell that pick up stimulus
57
What is the axon tunnel?
Tunnel on nerve cells that signals are sent down
58
What are the three types of membranes?
Cutaneous - skin, dry membrane Mucous - line body cavities open to exterior, moist Serous - found in closed body cavity, moist
59
What are the two ways tissue repair can occur?
Regeneration - restores original function | Fibrosis - original function lost (scars)
60
What tissues regenerate extremely well?
``` Blood Bone Epithelium Dense irregular Areolar ```
61
What tissues regenerate moderately well?
Smooth muscle
62
What tissues have virtually no regenerative capacity?
Cardiac and nervous
63
What are the three types of developmental tissue?
Ectoderm - nervous Mesoderm - muscle Endoderm - innner lining of digestive system
64
What are the two layers of the integumentary system?
Dermis - mostly fibrous connective tissue | Epidermis - superficial
65
What is the hypodermis?
Anchors skin to underlying structures | Mostly adipose tissue that absorbs shock and insulation
66
What are the four layers of the epidermis?
Stratum basale - actively dividing, house melanocytes Stratum spinosum - House keratinocytes Stratum granulosum Stratum corneum - dead cells, 20-30 layers
67
What are melanocytes?
Store melanin that defines skin color and protects DNA from the sun
68
What are keratinocyctes?
Secrete keratin
69
What are lemellar granules?
Release lipids which help make skin water proof
70
What are the layers of the dermis?
Papillary | Reticular
71
What is the papillary layer composed of?
Areolar connective tissue | Dermal papillae
72
What are dermal papillae?
Thick skin lie on dermal ridges cause epidermal ridges Enhance gripping ability Contribute to sense of touch Pattern is fingerprint
73
What is the reticular layer?
Composed of dense irregular fibrous connective tissue
74
What are striae?
Stretch marks
75
What are the three pigments that attribute to skin color?
Melanin Caratene Hemoglobin
76
What is cyanosis?
Blue skin color | Low oxygenation
77
What is erythema?
Redness | Caused by fever, hypertension, inflamation, allergy
78
What is pallor?
Paleness | Caused by anemia, low blood pressure, fear, anger
79
What is jaundice?
Yellow skin color | Caused by liver disorder
80
What is bronzing?
Metalic looking skin | Caused by inadequate steroid hormones
81
What are bruises?
Clotted blood underneath the skin
82
What is hair?
Dead keratinized cells of hard keratin
83
What are the functions of hair?
Physical trauma Heat loss Protection from sunlight Warns off insects
84
What is glaborous skin?
Areas without hair
85
What are the two types of hair?
Vellus hair - pale, fine hair | Terminal hair - coarse, long hair of eyebrows
86
What area of the nail is active in nail growth?
Nail matrix
87
What are the two main types of sweat glands?
Eccrine | Apocrine
88
What are the characteristics of eccrine sweat glands?
Regulated by autonomic nervous system | Cold and heat induced sweat
89
What are the two types of apocrine sweat glands?
Ceruminous - lines external ear canal | Mammary glands - secrete milk
90
What are the functions of the integumentary system?
``` Protection Body temperature regulation Cutaneous sensation Metabolic functions Blood resevoir Excretion ```
91
What are the types of barriers that the integumentary system provides?
Chemical Physical Biological
92
What are examples of chemical barriers?
Skin secretions keep bacteria from growing | Melanin is a defense against UV radiation
93
What are the three major types of skin cancer?
Basal cell carcinoma Squamous cell carcinoma - does matastasize Melanoma - fast matastasize
94
What are the three classifications of burns?
First degree - partial thickness Second degree - Partial thickness, blisters Third degree - Through epidermis to dermis
95
What is debridement?
Removal of burned skin
96
What is classified as critical burns?
> 25% of body has second degree burns > 10% of body has third degree burns Face, hands or feet bear third degree burns
97
How does the inegumentary system develop in the fetal stage?
Ectoderm becomes the epidermis Mesoderm becomes the dermis and hypodermis Lanugo coat Vernix caseasa
98
What is the lanugo coat?
Delicate hairs in the 5th and 6th month of fetal development
99
What is the vernix caseasa?
Sebaceous gland secretion | Protects skin of fetus
100
What are the developmental aspects that occur from infancy to adulthood?
Skin thickens, more subcutaneous fat Sweat and sebaceous gland activity increase Scaling and dermitis more common
101
What are the functions of bone?
``` Support Protection Movement Mineral and growth factor storage Hematopoiesis (blood cell development) Fat storage Hormone production ```
102
What is appositional growth?
Perichondrium cells secrete matrix against external face of existing cartilage
103
What is interstitial growth?
Chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix, expanding cartilage from within
104
What are the four types of hyaline cartilage?
Articular - Covers ends of bones at moveable joints Costal - connect ribs to sternum Respiratory - Form skeleton of larynx and other respiratory passageways Nasal - Supports external nose
105
What is the axial skeleton?
Skull Vertebrae Ribs
106
What is the appendicular skeleton?
Limbs | Attachment sites
107
What are the different classifications of bones based on shape?
Long bones - Longer than they are wide Short bones - Small cube like bones (carpals) Flat bones - Relatively thin Irregular bones - Vertebrae and hips
108
What are compact bones?
Dense outer layer | Smooth and solid
109
What are spongy bones?
Honeycomb of flat pieces deep to compact bone | Ends of long bone
110
What is the shaft of a long bone called?
Diaphysis
111
What is the end of a long bone called?
Epiphysis
112
What is the epiphyseal plate?
Growing part of bone Made of hyaline cartilage Turns into epiphyseal line after hardening after puberty
113
What is the periosteum?
Outside covering of bone
114
What is the medullary cavity?
Inside chamber of long bone | Lined by endosteum
115
What is a tuberosity?
Large rounded projection
116
What is a crest?
Narrow ridge of bone
117
What is a trochanter?
Very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process
118
What is a line?
Narrow ridge of bone, less prominent than a crest
119
What is a tubercle?
Small rounded projection or process
120
What is an epicondyle?
Raised area on or above a condyle
121
What is a spine?
Sharp slender often pointed projection
122
What is a process?
Any bony prominence
123
What are the three types of bone markings?
Projections - allow for muscle and ligament attachment Depressions Openings
124
What are the five types of cells in bone?
Osteogenic cells - Make cells Osteoblasts - Bone building cells Osteocytes - Active osteoblasts or osteoclasts Bone lining cells - make up periosteum and endosteum Osteoclasts - bone resorbing cells
125
What is ossification?
Process of bone tissue formation
126
What are the two types of ossification?
Endochondial - bone forms replacing hyaline cartilage | Intramembranous - bone develops from fibrous membrane
127
What are the two types of postnatal bone growth?
Interstitial - lengthening of bone | Appositional - Widening of bone
128
What are the five zones of interstitial growth?
Resting zone Proliferation zone - actively undergoing mitosis Hypertrophic zone - Old cartilage cells enlarge Calcification zone - matrix calcifies Ossification zone - new bone formed
129
How do we regulate bone growth?
Growth hormone - most important Thyroid hormone - Ensures proper proportions Testosterone and estrogen - Promotes growth spurts
130
What is required for bone homeostasis?
Remodeling and bone repair
131
What are two ways that the body controls bone remodeling?
Negative feedback - controls calcium blood levels | Responses to mechanical and gravitational forces
132
What are the functions of calcium?
``` Nerve impulse transmission Muscle contraction Blood coagulation Cell division Secretion by glands and nerve cells ```
133
What is the function of parathyroid hormone?
Activates osteoclasts to rise blood calcium levels
134
What is wolff's law?
Bones get thicker with the more stressed put on them
135
What is a nondisplaced fracture?
Ends of the bone retain normal position
136
What is a displaced fracture?
Ends of the bone are out of normal position
137
What is a complete fracture?
The bone is broken all the way through
138
What is an incomplete fracture?
The bone is not broken all the way through
139
What is a compound fracture?
The bone is penetrating the skin
140
What is a simple fracture?
The bone is not penetrating the skin
141
What is a compression fracture?
Bone is crushed
142
What is a comminuted fracture?
Bone fragments into three or more pieces
143
What is a spiral fracture?
Breaks occurs from excessive twisting force
144
What is an epiphyseal fracture?
Epiphysis and diaphysis separate along the epiphyseal plate
145
What is a depressed fracture?
Broken bone portion is pressed inwards
146
What is a greenstick fracture?
Bone bends and only one side of the bone breaks
147
What are the stages of bone repair?
Hematoma forms Fibrocartilaiginous forms Bony callus forms Bone remodeling occurs
148
What is osteomalacia?
Poorly mineralized bone | Soft and weak
149
What is osteoporosis?
Osteoclats work faster than osteoblasts
150
What are the functions of joints?
Mobility | Hold skeleton together
151
What are the functional classifications of joints?
Synarthroses - immoveable Amphiarthroses Diarthroses - freely moving
152
What are the structural classifications of joints?
Fibrous joints Cartilaginous joints Synovial joints
153
What are the characteristics of fibrous joints?
Held together by dense fibrous connective tissue
154
What are the three types of fibrous joints?
Sutures Syndemoses - immoveable joint held by ligaments Gomphoses - Peg and socket, immoveable (teeth)
155
What are the two types of catilaginous joints?
Synchondroses - bones united by hyaline cartilage | Symphyses - bones united by fibrocartilage
156
What are the six features of synovial joints?
``` Articular cartilage Synovial cavity Articular capsule Synovial fluid Reinforcing ligaments Nerves and blood vessels ```
157
What are the four additional structures of synocial joints?
Fatty pads Articular discs Bursae Tendon sheaths
158
What are fatty pads?
Serve as a cushion
159
What are articular discs?
Stabilize joint and improve fit | Menisci
160
What are bursae?
Sacs lined with synovial membrane | Reduce friction
161
What are tendon sheaths?
Elongated bursae wrapped around tendon subjected to friction
162
What are tendons?
Attach muscles to bone
163
What are ligaments?
Attach bone to bone
164
What stabilizes synovial joints?
Shapes of articular surface (minor) Ligament number and location (Limited role) Muscle tendons that cross joints (major role)
165
What are the four ranges of motion permitted by synovial joints?
Nonaxial - slipping movements only Uniaxial - movement in one plane Biaxial - movement in two planes Multiaxial - movement in multiple planes
166
What are the six types of synovial joints?
``` Plane - nonaxial Hinge - uniaxial Pivot - Uniaxial Condylar - Biaxial Saddle - Biaxial Ball and socket - Multiaxial ```
167
What are the four major synovial joints?
Knee Shoulder Elbow Hip
168
What are the two joints in the knee?
Femoropatellar - Plane joint | Lateral and medial tibiofemoral
169
What are the capsular and extracapsular ligaments that help stabilize the knee?
Fibular and tibial collateral ligaments Oblique popliteal ligament Arcuate popliteal ligament Prevent hyperextension
170
What are the intrascapular ligaments that help stabilize the knee?
Anterior cruciate ligament Posterior cruciate ligament Prevent anterior and posterior displacement
171
What are the common injuries that occur to the knee?
Collateral ligaments Cruciate ligaments Cartilage (menisci)
172
What kind of joint is the shoulder joint?
Ball and socket joint
173
What does the coracohumeral ligament do in the shoulder?
Helps support the weight of the upper limb
174
What are the four rotator cuff tendons that encircle the shoulder joint?
Subscapularis Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres minor
175
What does the elbow joint consist of?
Trochlear notch of the ulna with the trochlea of the humerous Hinge joint
176
What are the two ligaments that help stabilize the elbow?
Anular ligament - Surrounds head of radius, allows rotation | Ulnar collateral ligament - prevents displacement of elbow
177
What is the acetabular labrum?
Extension of cartilage that helps hold head of femur in place
178
What are the ligaments that reinforce the hip?
Iliofemoral ligament Pubofemoral ligament Ischiofemoral ligament Ligamentum ligament
179
What is the name of the joint in the jaw?
Tempromandibular joint | Allows hinge and gliding
180
What are the common joint injuries?
Cartilage tears - repaired by arthroscopic surgery Sprains - Ligaments are stretched or torn Strains - overstretching of a muscle or muscle tendon Dislocations - luxations Subluxation - Partial dislocation
181
What is bursitis?
Inflammation of bursae
182
What is tendonitis?
Inflammation of tendon sheaths caused by overuse
183
What is arthritis?
Stiffness and swelling in joints
184
What are the different types of arthritis?
Osteoarthritis - wear and tear Rheumatoid - autoimmune disorder, genetic Gouty - affects the big toe

Anatomy and Physiology (8 decks)

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