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Anatomy and Physiology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is anatomy?

A

Study of body part structure and their relationship

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2
Q

What are the subdivisions of anatomy?

A

Gross - What you can see
Microscopic - What you cant see with naked eye
Developmental - Looking at anatomy across the lifespan

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3
Q

What are the three ways to study gross anatomy?

A

Regional - looking at a region of the body
Systemic - look at body system by system
Surface - what you can see on the outside

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4
Q

What is cytology?

A

Study of cells

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5
Q

What is histology?

A

Study of tissue

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6
Q

What is embryology?

A

Study of fetal development

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7
Q

What is physiology?

A

Study of the way the bosy functions

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8
Q

What are the levels of structural organization?

A 
Chemical
Cellular
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organism
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9
Q

What are the four types of tissue?

A

Connective
Muscle
Nervous
Epithelium

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10
Q

What are the eight necessary life functions?

A 
Maintaining boundaries
Movement
Responsiveness
Digestion
Metabolism
Dispose of wastes
Reproduction
Growth
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11
Q

What are the different survival needs?

A 
Atmospheric pressure
Nutrients
Oxygen
Water
Normal body pressure
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12
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Body’s ability to maintain stable internal conditions

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13
Q

What two systems are most important for homeostasis?

A

Nervous and endocrine system

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14
Q

What are the ways of studying gross anatomy?

A

Regional
Systemic
Surface

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15
Q

What is cytology?

A

Study of cells

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16
Q

What is histology?

A

Study of tissue

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17
Q

What is embryology?

A

Study of fetal development

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18
Q

What is physiology?

A

Study of the way the body functions

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19
Q

What are the levels of structural organization?

A 
Chemical
Cellular
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organism
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20
Q

What are the four types of tissue?

A

Connective
Muscular
Nervous
Epithelium

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21
Q

What are the eight necessary life functions?

A 
Movement
Maintaining boundaries
Responsiveness
Digestion
Metabolism
Dispose of wastes
Reproduction
Growth
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22
Q

What are the survival needs?

A 
Atmospheric pressure
Nutrients
Oxygen
Water
Normal body temperature
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23
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Body’s ability to maintain stable internal conditions

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24
Q

What two systems are most important for homeostasis?

A

Nervous and endocrine

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25
What is the pathway for a response to a stimulus?
``` Stimulus Receptor Afferent pathway Control center Efferent pathway Effector ```
26
What is negative feedback?
The more a product builds up, the process slows production
27
What is positive feedback?
The more a product builds up, the process speeds up production Contractions with child birth
28
What is pronation?
Palms facing down
29
What is souppination?
Palms facing up
30
What are the two terms for how palms can be facing?
Pronation - facing down | Souppination - facing up
31
What does the frontal plane divide?
Front from back
32
What does the median plane divide?
Left from right
33
What does the transverse plane divide?
Top from bottom
34
What is the dorsal cavity divided into?
Cranial and Vertebral
35
What is the ventral split into?
Thoracic and abdominopelvic
36
What is serosa?
Thin double layered membrane that lines body cavities and organs
37
What are the functions of serosa?
Holds organs in place Protects organs Eliminates friction
38
What are the two types of serosa?
Parietal - lines internal body cavity walls | Visceral - Covers internal organs
39
What seperates the parietal and visceral serosa?
Serous fluid
40
What are the three types of serous membrane?
Pericardium - heart Pleurae - Lungs Peritoneum - Abdominal Cavity
41
What elements make up 96% of the human body?
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen
42
What are the lesser elements of the human body?
``` Calcium Phosphorus Potassium Sulfur Sodium Chlorine Magnesium Iodine Iron ```
43
What are the trace elements of the human body?
``` Chromium Copper Fluorine Magnesium Silicon Zinc ```
44
What is a radioactive isotope?
An isotope that decays until its stable
45
What is dobutamine?
A radioactive isotope that is used in stress tests | Stimulates exercise
46
What are ionic bonds?
Electrons are given up from one atom to another
47
What are covalent bonds?
Electrons are shared rather than transfered
48
What is the pH of blood?
7.35 - 7.45
49
What is hypoxia?
Low oxygen makes blood more acidic
50
What two proteins are responsible for muscle contraction?
Actin and myosin
51
What is hydrogenation?
Adding hydrogen to an unsaturated fat to make it solid
52
What does adenine bind to in DNA?
Thymine
53
What does cytosine bond to in DNA?
Guanine
54
What is the cell theory?
A cell is the structural and functional unit of an organism A Cell is smallest structure capable of performing all necessary life functions Biochemical activities are dictated by their shape or form Continuity of life has cellular basis
55
What are the three main parts of a human cell?
Plasma membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus
56
What is the plasma membrane made of?
Phospholipid bilayer Proteins Cholesterol Glycocalics
57
What are the six functions of membrane proteins?
``` Transport Receptors for signal transduction Attachment Enzymatic activity Intercellular joining Cell to cell recognition ```
58
What are the two types of membrane proteins?
Integral - inserted in membrane | Peripheral - loosely attached to integral proteins
59
What are the three ways cells are bound with cell junction?
Tight junctions Desmosomes Gap junctions
60
What are tight junctions?
Impermeable Adjacent integral proteins fuse Prevent molecules from passing through intercellular space Found in small and large intestine
61
What are desmosomes?
Rivets or spotwelds that anchor cells together Like velcro Found in skin
62
What are gap junctions?
Trans-membrane proteins form pores that allow small molecules to pass from cell to cell Found in smooth muscle cells and cardiac cells
63
What are the pores that are formed in gap junctions called?
Connexons
64
What are the different types of passive membrane transport?
Diffusion Facilitated diffusion Osmosis
65
What occurs in simple diffusion?
Oxygen, carbon dioxide, fat soluble vitamins diffuse directly
66
What occurs in facilitated diffusion?
Protein carriers transport glucose and amino acids
67
What are the two types of channels in channel mediated diffusion?
Leakage - always open | Gated - controlled by chemical or electrical signals
68
What is osmolarity?
Measure of total concentration of solute particles
69
What is hydrostatic pressure?
Back pressure of water on membrane
70
What is osmotic pressure?
Tendency of water to move into cell by osmosis
71
What is an isotonic, hypertonic and hypotonic solution?
Isotonic - No net movement of water Hypotonic - Cell loses water and becomes shriveled Hypertonic - Cell gains water faster than it loses
72
What are the two types of active transport?
Active transport | Vesicular transport
73
What are the four types of vesicular transport?
Exocytosis Endocytosis Transcytosis Vesicular trafficking
74
What is exocytosis?
Transport out of cell
75
What is endocytosis?
Transport into cell
76
What is transcytosis?
Transport into, across and out other side of cell
77
What is vesicular trafficking?
Transport from one area or organelle in a cell to another
78
What is phagocytosis?
Psuedopods engulf solid and form a phagosome, then brought into cells interior
79
What is the cytoplasm?
Composed of cytosol and organelles
80
What is the function of ribosomes?
Site of protein synthesis
81
What are the two types of ribosomes?
Free ribosomes - synthesize proteins that function in cytosol or other organelles Membrane bound ribosomes - stuck on RER, synthesize proteins for membrane, lysosomes or exported out of cell
82
What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
Manufactures proteins, they then go to golgi apparatus
83
What is the function of the smooth ER?
Lipid metabolism Hormone synthesis Detoxification
84
What is the function of peroxisomes?
Oxidize things Neutralize free radicals Detoxification
85
What is the function of lysosomes?
Digest bacteria and viruses Breakdown and release glycogen Destroys cells in injured tissue (autolysis)
86
What is the function of the centrosome?
Generates microtubule
87
What are the three main parts of the nucleus?
Nuclear envelope - membrane Chromatin - houses DNA and RNA Nucleolus - sends messages
88
What is anucleate?
Cells with no nucleus, red blood cells
89
What is multinucleate?
Cells with multiple nucleus | Some liver cells
90
What are the three stages of interphase?
G1 - Growth, G1 checkpoint S - Growth and DNA synthesis G2 - Growth and final preparations for division
91
What are the stages of mitosis?
Prophase - nucleus breaks down, chromosomes form Metaphase - Chromosomes line up down metaphase plate Anaphase - Chromosomes pulled apart Telophase - Nucleus begins to form again, along with cleavage furrow
92
What happens in cytokinesis?
Contractile ring breaks cleavage furrow and cells seperate
93
What are cyclins?
Tell cell to continue to divide | Found in G1 checkpoint
94
What gene tells cell division to stop?
P53
95
What is cell differentiation?
Cells are different because chemical signals in embryo channel cells into specific developmental pathways
96
What is apoptosis?
Programmed cell death
97
What is atrophy?
Decreased size of cells
98
What is hyperplasia?
Increasing cell number
99
What are the theories of cell aging?
Wear and tear theory Mitochondrial theory Immune system dissorders
100
What is the genetic theory?
Cell aging programmed into cell | Telomerase disappears as we age
101
What is telomerase?
Enzyme that lengthens telomeres (protection for chromosome ends)
102
What are the systems in the body?
``` Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic Respiratory Digestive Urinary Reproductive ```
103
What is a function of the integumentary system?
Protection
104
What is the function of the skeletal system?
Support and protection for organs
105
What is a function of the muscular system?
Movement
106
What is a function of the nervous system?
Control system
107
What is a function of the endocrine system?
Secretes hormones
108
What is a function of the cardiovascular system?
Transports blood
109
What is a function of the lymphatic system?
Attacks foreign substances
110
What is a function of the respiratory system?
Keeps blood supplied with oxygen
111
What is a function of the digestive system?
Breaks down food into absorb-able units
112
What is a function of the urinary system?
Eliminates nitrogenous wastes
113
What is a function of the reproductive system?
Production of offspring
114
What are the three planes the body can be divided down?
Frontal Median Transverse

Anatomy and Physiology (8 decks)

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