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MRCS Part B > Anatomy Head and Neck > Flashcards

Anatomy Head and Neck Flashcards

(85 cards)

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1
Q

Name the 4 strap muscles (infrahyoid)

A

Sternothyroid
Thyrohyoid
Sternohyoid
Omohyoid

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2
Q

What is the nerve supply to the strap muscles?

A

Ansa cervicalis (C1-3) except thyrohyoid which is innervated by C3

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3
Q

What is the action of the strap muscles?

A

Depress the hyoid bone and larynx during swallowing and speaking

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4
Q

What muscles are supplied by the spinal accessory nerve?

A

Trapezius
SCM

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5
Q

What does the great auricular nerve supply?

A

Skin over the angle of mandible
Skin over the parorid gland
Skin of the lower half of the auricle

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6
Q

What are the boundaries of the anterior triangle of the neck?

A

Anterior - midline of neck
Posterior - anterior border of SCM
Superior - lower border of mandible

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7
Q

What is the nerve supply of the digastric muscle?

A

Anterior belly - Mylohyoid nerve
Posterior - Facial nerve

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8
Q

What are the boundaries of the posterior triangle of the neck?

A

Apex - SCM and trapezius at occipital bone
Anterior - posterior border of SCM
Posterior - anterior border of the trapezius
Base - middle third of clavicle

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9
Q

What nerves are found in the posterior triangle of the neck?

A

Accessory nerve
Phrenic nerve
Trunks of brachial plexus
Branches of cervical plexus

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10
Q

What blood vessels are found in the posterior triangle of neck?

A

External jugular vein
Subclavian artery (3rd part)

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11
Q

Where does the common carotid artery divide into the internal and external carotid?

A

Upper border of the thyroid cartilage

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12
Q

What are the terminal branches of the ECA?

A

Superficial temporal
Maxillary

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13
Q

What are the branches of the ECA?

A

Superior thyroid
Ascending pharyngeal
Lingual
Facial
Occipital
Posterior auricular
Maxillary
Superficial temporal

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14
Q

Where is the carotid body found and what is its function?

A

Posterior aspect of the bifurcation of the CCA
Contains chemoreceptors which are sensitive to changes in pH

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15
Q

Where is the carotid sinus and what is its function?

A

Dilated area at base of ICA
Contains baroreceptors which respond to changes in blood pressure

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16
Q

Describe the blood supply to the thyroid

A

Superior thyroid artery - 1st branch of ECA
Inferior thyroid artery - from thyrocervical trunk from the subclavian artery
Thyroid ima - from brachiocephalic artery or aorta

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17
Q

What level is the thyroid cartilage?

A

C4

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18
Q

Which nerves are commonly injured during thyroidectomy?

A

ELN - close to the superior thyroid artery
RLN - close to the inferior thyroid artery
Cervical sympathetic chain

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19
Q

Which type of thyroid cancer spreads via lymphatics?

A

Papillary

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20
Q

What is the cell origin of medullary carcinoma?

A

Parafollicular C cells

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21
Q

What is the embryology of the parathyroid gland?

A

Inferior - 3rd brachial arch with the thymus
Superior - 4th brachial arch

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22
Q

What artery supplies the parathyroids?

A

Inferior thyroid

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23
Q

Which laryngeal muscle isnt supplied by the RLN and what nerve is it supplied by?

A

Cricothyroid - external laryngeal nerve from vagus

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24
Q

Which muscles open the vocal cords?

A

2 posterior cricoarytenoid muscles

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25
Which muscles close the vocal cords during swallowing?
Lateral cricoarytenoid muscles
26
Which muscles tense the vocal cords?
2 cricothyroid muscles
27
What type of vocal cord palsy will result in respiratory compromise?
Bilateral partial
28
What layers make up the deep cervical fascia?
Carotid sheath Prevertebral Pretracheal Deep investing
29
What are the contents of the pretracheal fascia?
Thyroid Oesophagus Trachea
30
What are the contents of the carotid sheath?
Common carotid Internal jugular Vagus
31
What is the venous supply of the thyroid?
Superior and middle thyroid veins - drain into IJV Inferior thyroid vein - drains into brachiocephalic
32
What are the branches of the internal carotid artery?
Ophthalmic artery Anterior choroidal Anterior cerebral Middle cerebral Posterior communicating artery
33
Which muscle in the tongue is not supplied by hypoglossal nerve?
Palatoglossus - CN X
34
Describe intracranial course of the facial nerve
Arises from pons Travels through the internal acoustic meatus Enters facial canal where it forms geniculate ganglion and gives off nerve to stapedius, greater petrosal nerve and chorda tympani Exits facial canal via stylomastoid foramen
35
Which bones form the pterion?
Frontal Parietal Temporal Sphenoid
36
Which artery runs behind the pterion?
Middle meningeal artery
37
Name the layers encountered in a pterional burr hole procedure
Skin Dense connective tissue Aponeurotic layer Loose connective tissue Temporalis muscle Periostium
38
What age do cranial sutures ossify by?
18-24 months
39
What age is the mastoid bone developed by?
2
40
What type of join is the TMJ?
Synovial hinge joint
41
Which muscles open the mouth?
Digastric Lateral pterygoid Geniohyoid Mylohyoid
42
Name the muscles of mastication
Lateral pterygoid Medial pterygoid Masseter Temporalis
43
Which structures pass through the foramen ovale?
Otic ganglion Mandibular nerve Lesser petrosal nerve Accessory meningeal artery Emissary veins
44
Which structures pass through the foramen spinosum?
Middle meningeal artery Meningeal branch of mandibular nerve
45
Which structures pass through foramen lacerum?
ICA passes over but not through Nerve and artery of pterygoid canal
46
Which structures pass through the optic canal?
Optic nerve surrounded by dura Ophthalmic artery Sympathetic nerves
47
Which structures pass through the superior orbital fissure?
CN III, IV, VI Lacrimal, frontal and nasociliary branches of V1 Superior and inferior ophthalmic veins
48
Which structures pass through the carotid canal? (SIDE)
Sympathetic plexus ICA Deep petrosal nerve Emissary veins
49
Which structures pass through the jugular foramen?
Inferior petrosal sinus CN IX, X, XI Sigmoid sinus
50
Which structures pass through the stylomastoid foramen?
Stylomastoid artery Facial artery
51
Which structures pass through the foramen magnum?
Vertebral arteries Anterior and posterior spinal artery Spinal root of XI Lower end of medulla Tectorial membrane Apical ligament of dens
52
Which foramen are found in the temporal bone?
Carotid canal Jugular foramen Stylomastoid foramen
53
Which foramen are found in the occipital bone?
Foramen magnum
54
Which foramen are found in the sphenoid bone?
Foramen ovale Foramen lacerum Foramen spinosum Foramen rotundum Optic canal Superior orbital fissure
55
Which muscles attach to the styloid process?
Styloglossus Stylohyoid Stylopharyngeus
56
Where are the cavernous sinuses found?
Either side of the sella turcica
57
What commonly results in cavernous sinus thrombosis and why?
Infections in areas of the face drained by the ophthalmic and facial veins as they drain to the cavernous sinus and are valveless
58
What clinical signs would indicate cavernous sinus thrombosis?
Painful swelling of the eye CN III, IV, V, VI palsies Gradual loss of vision
59
What structures are found in the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus?
CN III, IV, V1, V2
60
What structures are found within the cavernous sinus?
ICA CN VI
61
What is the major vein draining the brain parenchyma?
Great cerebral vein
62
Which bone houses the facial canal?
Petrous part of temporal bone
63
Describe the intracranial course of the facial nerve
Originates between medulla and pons Enters internal acoustic meatus Enters facial canal Exits through stylomastoid foramen
64
What are the branches of the facial nerve? (The zebra buggered my cat)
Temporal Zygomatic Buccal Marginal mandibular Cervical
65
Where does the parotid duct drain and name the duct?
Adjacent to the 2nd upper molar Via Stensen's duct
66
Which structures pass through the parotid gland?
Facial nerve ECA Retromandibular vein Auriculotemporal nerve Deep parotid lymph nodes
67
Which ganglia supplies autonomic innervation to the parotid gland?
Otic ganglion - PNS Superior cervical ganglion - SNS
68
What type of secretions does the parotid produce?
Serous
69
Where does the submandibular duct open?
Floor of the mouth either side of lingual frenulum
70
What type of secretions does the submandibular gland produce?
Mucous and serous
71
Which nerves are at risk in submandibular gland excision?
Lingual nerve Hypoglossal nerve Marginal mandibular branch of facial nerve
72
What is the motor innervation of the tongue?
All muscles hypoglossal except palatoglossus which is CN X
73
What is the sensory innervation of the tongue?
Posterior 1/3 - CN IX Anterior 2/3 - lingual V3 (somatic), chorda tympani VII (taste)
74
Name the extrinsic muscles of the tongue
Styloglossus Hyoglossus Genioglossus Palatoglossus§
75
Which muscles retracts the tongue?
Styloglossus
76
Which structure forms the roof of the middle ear?
Tegmen tympani
77
Which structures pass through the internal auditory meatus?
Facial nerve Vestibulocochlear nerve
78
Why do patients with an acoustic neuroma hear sounds loudly on the affected side?
Damage to facial nerve causes paralysis of stapedius which dampens loud noises
79
How does CSF flow out the brain?
Lateral ventricle --> foramen of monro --> third ventricle --> cerebral aqueduct --> fourth ventricle
80
What are the branches of the vertebral arteries?
Anterior spinal Posterior spinal Posterior inferior cerebellar
81
What are the branches of the basilar artery?
Anterior inferior cerebellar Labyrinthine Pontine Superior cerebellar Posterior cerebral
82
What are the branches of the internal carotid artery?
Posterior communicating Anterior cerebral Middle cerebral Anterior choroid
83
Where do the vertebral arteries unite to form the basilar artery?
Lower border of pons
84
Which structures are supplied by the vertibrobasilar arterial system?
Medulla Pons Midbrain Thalamus Occipital cortex
85

MRCS Part B (10 decks)

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