Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

MRCS Part B > Anatomy Thorax and Spine > Flashcards

Anatomy Thorax and Spine Flashcards

(55 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is the surface anatomy of the breast?

A

Vertically - 2nd-6th rib
Horizontally - sternum to mid-axillary line

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the deep muscular relations of the breast?

A

Pectoralis major
Serratus anterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the major constituents of breast tissue?

A

Fat
Fibrous tissue
Glandular tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How many lobules are there within the breast?

A

15-20

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are Cooper’s ligaments?

A

Fibrous septa which extend from the subcutaneous tissue ot the fascia of the chest wall
They separate the lobules of the breast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What causes peau d’orange?

A

Axillary lymphatics are invaded by tumour causing obstruction and oedema of the skin
Parts of the skin which are tethered by Cooper’s ligaments appear as dimples

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the arterial blood supply of the breast?

A

Internal mammary (subclavian)
Lateral thoracic (axillary)
Thoraco-acromial (axillary)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Explain the lymphatic drainage of the breast in breast cancer

A

Level 1 - lateral to pec major
Level 2 - deep to pec major
Level 3 - medial to pec major

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the sensory nerve supply to the breast?

A

Anterior and lateral cutaneous branches of 4th-6th intercostal nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe how you would insert a subclavian line

A

Locate vein - deep to middle third of clavicle
Lie supine, head down, head turned to opposite side
Aseptic technique
Insert needle 1cm below the junction of middle and medial thirds of clavicle, directing it towards suprasternal notch
Seldinger technique to feed catheter into vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which layers do you pierce with the needle when inserting a subclavian line?

A

Skin
Platysma
Fascia
Pec major
Subclavius

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where should the catheter in a subclavian line be positioned?

A

The catheter tip should lie in the superior vena cava above the pericardial reflection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which anatomical structures are at risk from the needle during insertion of a subclavian line?

A

Pleural
Subclavian artery
Thoracic duct
Phrenic nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe the anatomy of the intercostal neurovascular bundle

A

Vein, artery, nerve (sup-inf)
Run below the rib between the internal and innermost intercostal muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the superior limit of the pleura?

A

2.5cm above the middle of the clavicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the nerve supply to the parietal and visceral pleura?

A

Parietal - intercostal nerves, phrenic nerve
Visceral - pulmonary plexus (vagus + sympathetics)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the function of the thymus?

A

Maturation, production and regulation of T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What features does a typical rib possess?

A

Head
Tubercle
Subcostal groove

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which ribs are considered atypical?

A

1,2, 10, 11, 12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where do the crus of the diaphragm attach?

A

Right - L3
Left - L2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What part of the heart makes up the apex?

A

Left ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which part of the heart forms the posterior border?

A

Left atriam

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Which part of the heart forms the anterior border?

Study These Flashcards
A

Right ventricle

24
Q

Which part of the heart forms the inferior border?

Study These Flashcards
A

Right and left ventricles

25
How many layers of pericardium are there?
Fibrous - attached to central tendon of diaphragm and roots of great vessels Parietal Visceral
26
Where does the circumflex artery arise from?
Continuation of the left coronary artery after the left anterior descending artery is given off
27
Where do the left and right coronary arteries arise from?
Left - left posterior coronary sinus Right - anterior coronary sinus
28
What causes the two heart sounds?
1st - closure of mitral and tricuspid valves 2nd - closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves
29
Where does the trachea begin?
C6 - lower border of the cricoid cartilage
30
At what level does the carina of the trachea lie?
T4/5 - angle of louis
31
Describe the bronchopulmonary segmental arrangement of the lungs
Right - 2 in upper lobe, 2 in middle lobe, 5 in lower lobe Left - 4 or 5 in upper lobe, 5 in lower lobe
32
Which structures make up the hilum of the lung?
From anterior to posterior: Vein, artery, bronchus
33
Where would you insert a chest drain?
Triangle of safety between pectoralis major, lat dorsi and line from the nipple
34
Which layers must one pass through when inserting a chest drain?
Skin, superficial fascia, subcutaneous fat, external intercostal, internal intercostal, innermost intercostal, parietal pleura
35
What are the openings in the diaphragm and what passes through them?
T8 - IVC, right phrenic nerve T10 - oesophagus, vagus nerves T12 - aorta, thoracic duct, azygos vein
36
How many vertebrae are there?
32 7 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral (fused) 3 coccygeal (fused)
37
How many spinal nerves are there?
31 pairs 8 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 1 coccygeal
38
At what level does the dural sac end?
S2
39
At what level does the spinal cord terminate?
L1/2
40
When performing a lumbar puncture, which layers will the needle pass through?
Skin Subcutaneous fat Superficial fascia Supraspintous ligament Interspinatous ligament Ligamentum flavum Epidural space Dura Subdural space Arachnoid
41
Describe the structure of an intervertebral disc
Internal nucleus pulpsus (type II collagen) Outer fibrocartilaginous annulus fibrosus (type I collagen)
42
What kind of joint are intervertebral joints?
Secondary cartilaginous joints
43
Describe the blood supply to the spinal cord
2 vertebral arteries give off anterior and posterior spinal arteries
44
Where are the common sites of disc prolapse?
C5/6, C6/7 L4/5, L5/S1 (95%)
45
Which type of disc prolapse will cause cauda equina?
Direct posterior ("central") disc prolapse at levels below L1/2
46
What are the contents of the posterior mediastinum?
Aorta Azygos system of veins Thoracic duct Oesophagus Sympathetic trunks
47
Which veins form the azygos vein?
Right lumbar and right subcostal vein
48
Which veins form the hemi-azygos vein?
Left ascending lumbar vein Left subcostal vein
49
Which veins form the accessory hemi-azygos vein?
4th-8th intercostal veins
50
Where does the thoracic duct drain into?
Angle between left subclavian and left internal jugular vein
51
Which areas of the body are not drained by the thoracic duct?
Right UL, lung, breast, head, neck
52
What are the branches of the subclavian arteries?
Vertebral Internal thoracic Thyrocervical Costocervical Dorsal scapular (VIT C and D)
53
At what level does the common carotid bifurcate?
C4
54
Which muscle separates the subclavian artery and vein on the first rib?
Anterior scanlene
55

MRCS Part B (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions