Anatomy - Lower Body

Question 1

Foot consists of…

Answer 1

26 bones and 31 joints (tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges)

> 100 muscles, tendons, ligaments

Question 2

Movement of the feet

Answer 2

• inversion (turning the foot inwards)
• eversion (turning the foot outwards)
• dorsiflexion (flexing the foot towards the knee)
• plantarflexion (pointing the toes, away from the knee)
• pronation (inner arch dropping towards the floor, often happens with flat feet)
• supination (outer arch dropping towards the floor, often happens with high arches)

Question 3

Function of the foot

Answer 3

• bear the weight of the entire body

- performing the dynamic movements necessary for walking, running

Question 4

Movement of the ankle joint

Answer 4

• hinge joint: purely dorsilexion and plantarflexion happen here
• subtalar joint (below ankle joint): produces eversion and inversion, supination and pronation

Question 5

Function of the arches of the foot

Answer 5

• bear the weight of the body

- absorb shock produced by movement

Question 6

3 bones that form the ankle joint

Answer 6

• tibia (shinbone)
• fibula (of the leg)
• talus (of the foot)

Question 7

4 knee ligaments

Answer 7

• ACL (anterior cruciate ligament)
• PCL (posterior cruciate ligament)
• MCL (medial collateral ligament)
• LCL (lateral collateral ligament)

Question 8

Patella

Answer 8

Kneecap

Question 9

Meniscus

Answer 9

C shaped cushion for movement & shock absorption in the knee

Question 10

Yoga & knees

Answer 10

Asanas put healthy stresses on the knee and build strength in the muscles around (quadriceps and hamstrings)

Question 11

Example of anterior tilt of pelvis

Answer 11

Hips moving forward, creating an arch in the lower back.

Cow pose, bridge pose

Question 12

Example of posterior tilt of pelvis

Answer 12

Hips moving backward, creating a slight rounding in the lower back.

Cat pose, forward fold

Question 13

Function of the psoas

Answer 13

• flexes the knee

- lifts the leg at hip joint (flexion)

Question 14

4 quadriceps

Answer 14

• rectus femoris
• vastus intermedius
• vastus lateralis
• vastus medialis

Question 15

Function of the quadriceps

Answer 15

Straightens the leg at knee joint (extension)

Question 16

3 hamstrings

Answer 16

• semitendinosus (inner side)
• biceps femoris (at the center)
• semimembranosus (outer side)

Question 17

Function of the hamstrings

Answer 17

• at knee joint: bending (flexing) the knee, rotate tibia at the flexed knee
• at the hip joint: extends the leg (kicking the leg back)

Question 18

2 hip flexors

Answer 18

• iliopsoas (psoas)

- rectus femoris

Question 19

Function of the hip flexors

Answer 19

Lifts the leg at hip joint (flexion)

Question 20

5 adductors

Answer 20

• pectineus
• adductor longus (longest)
• adductor brevis (shortest)
• adductor magnus (largest)
• gracilis

Question 21

Function of the adductors

Answer 21

• brings the leg to the midline
• assists with hip flexion
• internal rotation of the leg
• affects the positioning of pelvis by pulling down at the front (anterior tilt)

Question 22

4 abductors

Answer 22

• gluteus maximus (extension and external rotation)
• gluteus minimus
• gluteus medius (important for stability)
• piriformis (and other deep gluteus below)

Question 23

Function of the abductors

Answer 23

• brings the leg away from the midline
• externally rotate the hip
• affects positioning of the pelvis by pulling down at the back with hamstrings and abdominals (posterior tilt)

Question 24

3 arches of the foot

Answer 24

1. Anterior transverse arch
2. Medial longitudinal arch
3. Lateral longitudinal arch

Formed by tarsal and metatarsal bones, supported by the ligaments and tendons in the foot.

Potential issues: high arches / flat feet

Question 25

Movement of the knee

Answer 25

- flexion (bending the knee) | - extension (straightening the leg, extending the knee)

Question 26

Hip joint

Answer 26

connects the femur bone to pelvis

Question 27

Pelvis

Answer 27

- supports the weight of the body in static and dynamic situations - retains balance, posterior vs. anterior tilt

Question 28

SI (sacroilliac) joint

Answer 28

creates a stable base for the spine, allows body to maintain its upright position. Centre of gravity.

Question 29

Movements from the hip joint

Answer 29

- flexion: lifting the leg - extension: kicking the leg back - adduction: bringing the leg to midline - abduction: taking the leg away from midline - internal (medial) rotation: turning the leg inwards - external (lateral) rotation: turning the leg outward