Anatomy of Breathing

Question 1

what is the respiratory tree?

Answer 1

a set of tubes that connect the nose and mouth with the alveoli

Question 2

what covers the walls of the alveoli?

Answer 2

capillaries

Question 3

where does the upper respiratory tract end?

Answer 3

larynx

Question 4

where does the lower respiratory tract begin?

Answer 4

trachea

Question 5

where does the URT become the LRT?

Answer 5

at the level of C6

Question 6

what happens to the larynx at the level of C6?

Answer 6

it becomes the trachea

Question 7

what happens to the pharynx at the level of C6?

Answer 7

it becomes the oesophagus

Question 8

what is each area of lung supplied by a lobar bronchus called?

Answer 8

a lung lobe

Question 9

how many lobes does the right lung have?

Answer 9

three

Question 10

how many lobes does the left lung have?

Answer 10

two

Question 11

what is a bronchopulmonary segment?

Answer 11

the area of lung supplied by one segmental bronchus

Question 12

how many bronchopulmonary segments does each lung have?

Answer 12

10

Question 13

what separates the lung lobes?

Answer 13

fissures

Question 14

what lines the inside of the bronchial tree?

Answer 14

respiratory epithelium

Question 15

which two parts of the bronchial tree have a different lining to the rest?

Answer 15

distal bronchioles

alveoli

Question 16

what two unique features are found on respiratory epithelium?

Answer 16

mucous glands

cilia

Question 17

describe the mucociliary escalator

Answer 17

mucous traps pathogens, and is then sweeped up and out by the cilia

Question 18

what can interfere with the normal beating of the cilia?

Answer 18

cooling and drying of the mucosa

toxins in cigarette smoke

Question 19

what supports the walls of the trachea and bronchi?

Answer 19

hyaline cartilage

Question 20

what parts of the respiratory tree contain NO cartilage?

Answer 20

alveoli

distal bronchioles

Question 21

what is the most prominent feature in the walls of the bronchioles, and what does this allow?

Answer 21

smooth muscle

allows them to contract and dilate

Question 22

what is wheeze?

Answer 22

the sound air makes as it passes through constricted airways

Question 23

how many nasal cavities are there?

Answer 23

two

Question 24

what separates the nasal cavities?

Answer 24

the nasal septum

Question 25

what makes up the nasal septum?

Answer 25

``` posterior = ethmoid bone and vomer anterior = cartilage ```

Question 26

what forms the floor of the nasal cavities?

Answer 26

the palate

Question 27

what is the trachea the continuation of?

Answer 27

the larynx

Question 28

what is the narrowest part of the larynx?

Answer 28

the rima glottidis

Question 29

what are the two functions of the vocal ligaments?

Answer 29

airway protection | voice production

Question 30

what is phonation?

Answer 30

producing sound

Question 31

what is articulation?

Answer 31

producing speech

Question 32

what exists to increase the surface area of the nasal cavities?

Answer 32

three conchae they produce turbulent air flow to heat the air up and

Question 33

what are the three parts of the pharynx?

Answer 33

nasopharynx oropharynx laryngopharynx

Question 34

how many pairs of ribs are there?

Answer 34

12

Question 35

which ribs are true ribs?

Answer 35

1-7

Question 36

which ribs are false ribs?

Answer 36

8-10

Question 37

which ribs are floating ribs?

Answer 37

11 and 12

Question 38

where is the sternal angle located?

Answer 38

at the level of rib two

Question 39

what type of joint is a sternocostal joint?

Answer 39

synovial

Question 40

what are the three layers of muscles between the ribs?

Answer 40

external intercostal internal intercostal innermost intercostal

Question 41

where does the larynx become the trachea and the pharynx become the oesophagus?

Answer 41

at the level of C6

Question 42

where can the trachea be palpated?

Answer 42

in the jugular notch of the manubrium

Question 43

where is the isthmus of the thyroid gland located?

Answer 43

anterior to tracheal cartilages 2-4

Question 44

what are the two parts of the thorax?

Answer 44

chest walls | chest cavity

Question 45

what is a lung lobe?

Answer 45

the area of the lung that each of the lobar bronchi supply with air

Question 46

how many lobes does the right lung have?

Answer 46

three = upper, middle and lower

Question 47

how many lobes does the left lung have?

Answer 47

two = upper and lower

Question 48

what separates the lung lobes?

Answer 48

fissures

Question 49

what is a bronchopulmonary segment?

Answer 49

an area of a lobe that each segmental bonchi supplies with air

Question 50

how many bronchopulmonary segments are present in each lung?

Answer 50

10

Question 51

what fissures are present in the lungs?

Answer 51

right lung = horizontal and oblique left = oblique

Question 52

what are the three layers of muscles in the intercostal spaces?

Answer 52

external intercostals internal intercostals innermost intercostals

Question 53

what do the intercostal muscles do during breathing?

Answer 53

make the chest wall expand by pulling ribs up and out

Question 54

how many intercostal spaces are there?

Answer 54

11 pairs

Question 55

what makes up the nerve supply to the intercostal spaces?

Answer 55

anterior ramus of a spinal nerve = the intercostal nerve

Question 56

what makes up the arterial supply to the posterior intercostal spaces?

Answer 56

thoracic aorta

Question 57

what makes up the venous supply to the posterior intercostal spaces?

Answer 57

azygous vein

Question 58

what makes up the arterial supply to the anterior intercostal spaces?

Answer 58

internal thoracic artery

Question 59

what makes up the venous supply to the anterior intercostal spaces?

Answer 59

internal thoracic vein

Question 60

what nerve supplies the diaphragm?

Answer 60

the phrenic nerve

Question 61

what is the phrenic nerve made of?

Answer 61

C3-5 anterior rami

Question 62

where are the phrenic nerves found in the neck?

Answer 62

anterior surface of scalenus anterior

Question 63

where does the cephalic vein sit?

Answer 63

in the delto pectoral groove

Question 64

where is the apex auscultated?

Answer 64

superior to the medial third of the clavicle

Question 65

where is the middle lobe auscultated?

Answer 65

between ribs 4-6 in the midclavicular and midaxillary lines

Question 66

where is the base of auscultated?

Answer 66

scapular line at the T11 vertebral level