Anatomy of Space Occupying Lesions Flashcards

(63 cards)

1
Q

define space occupying lesion

A

abnormal tissue in the brain that is taking up space

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2
Q

2 types of space occupying lesion and an example of each

A

acute eg brain bleed

subacute eg brain tumour

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3
Q

describe the monroe kellie hypothesis

A

small increase in ICP will increase intracranial volume massively

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4
Q

name the 5 layers of the scalp

A
Skin
Connective tissue (contains blood supply to scalp)
Aponeurosis
Loose connective tissue
Pericranium
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5
Q

which arteries anastamose to supply the scalp

A

external carotid and internal carotid arteries

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6
Q

why does a scalp laceration bleed so much

A

anastamosis of muscle holds wound open

rich blood supply to the scalp

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7
Q

thinnest layer of the scalp?

A

loose connective tissue

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8
Q

what is a periosteum?

A

outer layer of bone responsible for bone formation

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9
Q

how many bones are in the skull?

A

23

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10
Q

why do sutures exist in the skull?

A

help prevent skull fractures from spreading

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11
Q

what artery exists under the pterion?

A

middle meningeal artery

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12
Q

start and end point of anterior cranial fossa?

A

frontal

lesser wings of sphenoid

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13
Q

start and end point of middle cranial fossa?

A

lesser wings of sphenoid

petrous part of temporal bone

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14
Q

start and end point of posterior cranial fossa

A

petrous part of temporal bone

occipital bone

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15
Q

sensory nerve supply to dura mater?

A

CN V

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16
Q

role of the arachnoid granulations in the arachnoid mater?

A

reabsorb CSF

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17
Q

name the 2 layers of the dura mater and their anatomical relations

A
periosteal layer (closest to bone)
meningeal layer (under the dural venous sinus - closest to arachnoid mater)
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18
Q

what action causes pain in meningitis?

A

stretching of the dura mater

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19
Q

smallest fold of dura? where is it located?

A

diaphragm sellae

middle cranial fossa

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20
Q

the diaphragm sellae is located immediately superior to…

A

the sella turcica

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21
Q

what does the tentorium cerebelli attach to?

A

ridges of the petrous temporal bones

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22
Q

why is there a gap in the tentorium cerebellae have a gap in it?

A

to allow the brainstem to pass through

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23
Q

where is the falx cerebri located?

A

between the cerebral hemispheres in the midline

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24
Q

anterior and posterior attachments of the falx cerebri?

A

crista galli of ethmoid anteriorly

internal occipital protuberance of the occipital bone posteriorly

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25
which veins are located in the falx cerebri?
superior and inferior sagittal sinus
26
where do the dural venous sinuses (Esp the sagittal sinuses) join?
the confluence of sinuses
27
what does the confluence of sinuses drain into?
the right/left sigmoid sinus
28
what do the sigmoid sinuses become and at what anatomical location?
the internal jugular vein at the jugular foramen
29
where is the danger triangle of the brain?
front of the face from the forehead down to the top lip
30
why is the danger triangle called this?
possible route for infection as no valves so an infection can spread to the cavernous sinus eg by squeezing a spot
31
cerebral veins are mini branches off of what sinuses?
the sagittal sinuses (superior and inferior)
32
what do cerebral veins do?
drain venous blood into dural venous sinuses
33
the right posterior cerebral artery supplies...
the posterior aspect of the right cerebral hemisphere
34
middle cerebral arteries are a branch of...
the internal carotid arteries
35
anterior cerebral arteries supply...
the medial aspect of the cerebral hemispheres
36
he posterior cerebral arteries supply..
the posterior aspect of the cerebral hemispheres (1 for each side)
37
what do the posterior communicating arteries communicate with?
internal carotid arteries
38
middle cerebral arteries supply?
the lateral aspect of the cerebral hemispheres
39
opthalmic artery is a branch of...
internal carotid artery
40
the circle of willis is contained in what meningeal layer?
subarachnoid space
41
subarachnoid space terminates at...
S2
42
spinal cord ends at...
L2
43
the anterior cerebral artery is a branch of..
internal carotid artery
44
what branch comes off the anterior cerebral artery?
anterior communicating artery
45
the central canal of the spinal cord is continuous with the __ ventricle
4th
46
excessive production, obstruction or adequate reabsorption of flow leading to increased CSF volume is defined as...
hydrocephalus
47
Tx of hydrocephalus
ventricular peroneal shunt
48
the lateral ventricles are contained in which lobe?
parietal lobe on either side
49
the middle meningeal artery is contained between what layers?
bone and dura
50
cerebral veins transverse what layers? why?
arachnoid mater and dura to get to the dural venous sinuses
51
3 types of haemorrhage
extradural subdural (below dura) subarachnoid (bleed into subarachnoid space)
52
CSF with blood in it suggests a __ haemorrhage
subarachnoid
53
a subdural haemorrhage will be a result of damage to what veins?
cerebral
54
an extradural haemorrhage will be a result of damage to what vessel?
middle meningeal artery
55
first ligaments reached by an epidural catheter from superficial to deep
supraspinous ligament interspinous ligament ligamentum flavum
56
how can an epidural haematoma be caused by an epidural anaesthetic?
damaging the extradural venous plexus which will compress the spinal cord
57
a lumbar puncture's final destination is...
subarachnoid space
58
why is L3/4 used for anaesthesia/samples?
1. spinal cord has ended and cauda equina is less easily damaged 2. vertebrae haven't fused yet unlike in the sacral/coccygeal region
59
R or L cerebral hemisphere herniates under the falx cerebri is an example of what kind of herniation?
cingulate herniation
60
what happens in uncal herniation
the medial part (uncus) of the temporal lobe herniates inferior to the tentorium cerebelli
61
which type of herniation involves a herniation through a defect eg fracture
transcalvarial
62
a downward cerebellar herniation would herniate through...
the foramen magnum
63
what type of herniation can cause a "blown" (ipsilateral fixed dilated pupil) and why?
uncal | compresses the oculomotor nerve