Anatomy of the Integumentary System

Question 1

What does hirsute skin mean

Answer 1

hairy skin (covers most of the body)

Question 2

what does glaborous skin mean

Answer 2

hairless skin (palm, sole, flexor aspects)

Question 3

Histology of skin (superficial to deep)

Answer 3

epidermis
dermis
hypodermis/panniculus

Question 4

5 layers of the epidermis

Answer 4

Stratum:
- corneum
- lucidum
- granulosum
- spinosum
- basale

Question 5

Cells making up the epidermis

Answer 5

Question 6

Other term for stratum basale

Answer 6

stratum germinativum (because it is the source of all epidermal cells)

Question 7

How long is the typical cycle of cells from basale to corneum?

Answer 7

25-45 days

Question 8

How many rows is stratum basale?

Answer 8

single row of stem cells

Question 9

how many rows is stratum spinosum?

Answer 9

8-10 layers of spiny cells and weblike system of prekeratin filaments

Question 10

what is abundant in the stratum spinosum

Answer 10

melanin granules and dendritic cells

Question 11

Where do merkel cells hang out

Answer 11

stratum basale

Question 12

where do langerhans cells hang out

Answer 12

stratum spinosum

Question 13

how many layers is stratum granulosum?

Answer 13

3-5 layers of flat cells rich in lipids and filaggrin (water sealant)

Question 14

How many rows are in the stratum lucidum?

Answer 14

a few rows of flat dead keratinocytes (palms and soles)

Question 15

How many rows is stratum corneum?

Answer 15

20-30 rows of dead flat keratinized membranous sacs (dust)

Question 16

Intercellular matrix is composed of

Answer 16

Question 17

How many types of corpuscles are in the epidermis?

Answer 17

one, the merkel cell

Question 18

What are the proteins in the epidermis?

Answer 18

keratine and fillagrin

Question 19

what are the 4 types of cells in the epidermis?

Answer 19

keratinocytes, melanocytes, merkel cells, langerhan cells

Question 20

What are the corpuscles of the dermis?

Answer 20

pacinian, meissner, and free nerve endings

Question 21

What does the pacinian corpuscle sense?

Answer 21

pressure/vibrationwh

Question 22

What does the Meissner corpuscle sense?

Answer 22

light touch

Question 23

What does the Merkel’s corpuscle sense?

Answer 23

touch

Question 24

What does the free nerve ending sense?

Answer 24

heat

Question 25

What happens in bullous pemphigoid

Answer 25

autoantibodies form against antigens beneath the basale layer of the epidermis at the dermoepidermal junction

Question 26

What happens in pemphigus vulgaris

Answer 26

autoantibodies form against antigens in the intercellular spaces of the epidermis leading to decreased adhesion of the cells and skin breakage

Question 27

What happens in psoriasis

Answer 27

the rate of epidermal turnover is increased, not enough time for differentiation/maturation of cells

Question 28

What happens in atopic dermatitis

Answer 28

mutations in filaggrin in the epidermis

Question 29

melanocytic nevi is defined as

Answer 29

a benign collection of melanocytes

Question 30

Basal cell carcinoma is composed of

Answer 30

cells that resemble the basal layer keratinocytes

Question 31

What are the two layers of the dermis

Answer 31

Papillary and reticular

Question 32

What does the papillary layer of the dermis do

Answer 32

-anchorage and metabolic support -forms papillae that bulge into epidermis creating finger prints

Question 33

what does the papillary layer of the dermis consist of

Answer 33

-collagen and elastic fibers and blood vessels -capillary loops -corpuscles (not merkel's)

Question 34

Which layer makes up 80% of the dermis

Answer 34

reticular layer

Question 35

what is the reticular layer of the dermis made up of

Answer 35

thick collagen fibers: strength, resiliency elastic fibers: stretch/recoil glandular stuff

Question 36

What are the cells of the dermis

Answer 36

fibroblasts, macrophages, sometimes mast cells and WBCs

Question 37

What do fibroblasts do

Answer 37

- make most of extracellular matrix of connective tissue - wound repair - influenced by steroid hormones, diet, stress, vit C

Question 38

What are keloids formed by

Answer 38

hyperactive fibroblasts leading to excessive collagen production

Question 39

What are hypertrophied scars formed by

Answer 39

hyperactive fibroblasts, but more regulated than in keloids

Question 40

What do mast cells do

Answer 40

- defense (especially around blood vessels) - excrete vesicles containing histamine - inflammation - result in localized response like urticaria or generalized like anaphylactic shock

Question 41

What do cleavage lines result from

Answer 41

collagen fibers arranged in bundles forming tension/cleavage lines

Question 42

3 pigments of skin color

Answer 42

Melanin: yellow, reddish, brown, black Carotene: yellow, orange Hemoglobin: pinkish

Question 43

What is the hypodermis made up of?

Answer 43

loose connective tissue, mostly aerolar/adipose

Question 44

What is the hypodermis responsible for?

Answer 44

- shock absorption - thermal insulation - metabolic energy -production of Vit C and conversion of hormones

Question 45

What is a lipoma

Answer 45

benign tumor of fat

Question 46

What happens in erythema nodosum

Answer 46

inflammation of hypodermis

Question 47

What are the appendages of the skin

Answer 47

- sweat glands - sebaceous glands - hairs and follicles - nails

Question 48

What are the 2 types of sudoriferous glands

Answer 48

- eccrine: palms, soles, forehead - apocrine: axilla, perianal, areolae, periumbilical

Question 49

What are the 2 types of specialized apocrine glands

Answer 49

ceruminous glands (earwax) and mammary glands (breast milk)

Question 50

What is the function of hair

Answer 50

alerting to bugs, guarding scalp from trauma, heat loss, sun

Question 51

anatomy of hair

Answer 51

Question 52

What is damaged/removed for hair to stop growing

Answer 52

dermal papilla

Question 53

What is responsible for goosebumps

Answer 53

arrector pili (smooth muscle attached to hair follicle)

Question 54

What are the 4 phases of hair growth

Answer 54

anagen/growng catagen/involuting telogen/resting exogen/shedding

Question 55

What does acne vulgaris result from

Answer 55

plugging of hair follicle as a result of abnormal keratinization

Question 56

Structure of a nail

Answer 56

Question 57

Functions of the skin

Answer 57

protection, temperature regulation, sensation, metabolic functions, blood reservoir, excretion, social communication

Question 58

Rubor =

Answer 58

red

Question 59

Calor =

Answer 59

hot

Question 60

Tumor =

Answer 60

swelling

Question 61

Dolor =

Answer 61

pain

Question 62

What is inflammation

Answer 62

a protective response intended to eliminate cause of cell injury (acute or chronic)

Question 63

4 steps of inflammation

Answer 63

vasoconstriction, vasodilation, vascular permeability, neutrophil margination

Question 64

What happens in margination

Answer 64

Question 65

What happens in diapedesis

Answer 65

Question 66

what are the 4 outcomes of inflammation

Answer 66

- healing - scarring - abscess formation - chronic inflammation

Question 67

what is the primary cell involved in acute inflammation

Answer 67

neutorphils

Question 68

what is the primary cell involved in chronic inflammation

Answer 68

lymphocytes

Question 69

5 Rs of inflammation

Answer 69

- Recognition of agent - Recruitment of leukocytes - Removal of agent - Regulation of response - Resolution

Question 70

Do permanent cells regenerate/replicate?

Answer 70

no (neurons/cardiac muscle)

Question 71

Labile cells

Answer 71

- epi cells, stem cells - regenerate thru life

Question 72

stable cells

Answer 72

- hepatocytes, endothelium - low level replication thru life

Question 73

Primary union healing

Answer 73

- clean wounds - surgical incision

Question 74

Secondary union healing

Answer 74

- large tissue injuries - larger scars