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Women's Health Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

What is the name of the anterior surface of the 1st sacral vertebra

A

sacral promontory

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2
Q

What is the name of the separation between the true pelvis and the false pelvis

A

linea terminalis

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3
Q

List the 3 conjugates and how they are measured

A
  • true conjugate: US
  • obstetric conjugate: US
  • diagonal conjugate: per vaginal
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4
Q

List the 4 types of pelvis shapes

A
  • gynecoid (favorable for vaginal delivery)
  • android
  • anthropoid
  • platypelloid
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5
Q

Which type of pelvis is this

A

Gynecoid

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6
Q

Which type of pelvis is this

A

Android

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7
Q

Which type of pelvis is this

A

Anthropoid

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8
Q

Which type of pelvis is this

A

Platypelloid

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9
Q

Name the 4 parts of the fallopian tube, distally to proximally

A
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10
Q

Name the 3 components of the broad ligament

A
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11
Q

Which structure delivers ovarian blood vessels

A

suspensory ligament

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12
Q

Which structure delivers uterine blood vessels

A

Mesometrium of the broad ligament

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13
Q

List the 3 components of the wall of the uterus, superficial to deep

A
  • perimetrium
  • myometrium
  • endometrium
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14
Q

Which structure is generally the culprit of low back pain during menstruation

A

the uterosacral ligament

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15
Q

Which structure anchors the ovary medially to the uterus

A

ovarian ligament

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16
Q

Which structure anchors the ovary laterally to the pelvic wall

A

suspensory ligament

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17
Q

Which structure suspends the ovary

A

mesoovarium of the broad ligament

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18
Q

What are the 2 major regions of the ovary

A

cortex: ovarian follicles
medulla: large blood vessels & nerves

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19
Q

Describe the 5 stages of a follicle

A
  1. primordial: single layer of squamous cells around oocyte
  2. primary: single layer of cuboidal cells around oocyte
  3. secondary: several layers of granulosa cells around oocyte
  4. late secondary: same as secondary but now with a few fluid cavities
  5. vesicular/Graafian: one large fluid filled cavity
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20
Q

Which cell type is a common nidus for tumors to arise

A

granulosa cells of a follicle

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21
Q

List the 4 major components of the uterus, superior to inferior

A
  • fundus
  • body
  • isthmus
  • cervix
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22
Q

Which suspensory ligament of the uterus does the uterine artery pass through

A

Transverse cervical ligament (aka Mackenrodt’s, aka Cardinal)

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23
Q

Which ligament of the uterus is commonly affected by endometriosis

A

uterosacral ligament

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24
Q

Describe blood flow to the uterus

A

Aorta - common iliac - internal iliac - uterine artery - spiral/radial/arcuate arteries

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25
Describe the layers of the endomerium
- Stratum basalis: replaces functionalis - Stratum functionalis (spongiosum & compactum): sheds every menstrual cycle
26
Describe the histology of the cervix
- Endocervix: single layer of columnar cells - Ectocervix: several layers of squamous cells - Squamocolumnar junction: most likely area for dysplasia (important to sample in pap)
27
Locate the peritoneal pouches and fornices
28
Where are the Skene's glands located
Two directly inferiolaterally to the urethra
29
Where are the Bartholin's glands located
Two laterally to the vaginal opening - susceptible to Bartholin Cysts: painful, palpable enlargement d/t blockage
30
Describe the boundaries of the perineum
Diamond shaped area below the levator ani muscles - pubic arch - ischial tuberosities - sacrotuberous ligaments - coccyx
31
Describe the divisions of the perineal triangles and the central point
Urogenital and Anal triangles, centered at the perineal body where all perineal muscles insert
32
What is located within the anal triangle of the perineum that can result in rectal prolapse
Ischiorectal fossa containing fat - can atrophy and prolapse in severe malnutrition/diarrhea/etc.
33
What is done to prevent a perineal tear in vaginal childbirth
Episiotomy - mediolateral preferred - midline avoided d/t risk of perineal body injury despite less blood vessels
34
Describe the 4 degrees of perineal tear
- 1st: limited to fourchette & superficial perineal skin - 2nd: extends to perineal muscle & fascia - 3rd: extends to anal sphincter - 4th: extends to rectal mucosa
35
Describe the structure of a mammary gland
Modified sweat glands consisting of 15-25 pyramidal lobes - extends from 2nd to 6th rib - tail of spence/axillary tail extends into axilla
36
What are tubercles of montgomery
modified sebaceous glands that enlarge during pregnancy/lactation
37
What are suspensory ligaments of cooper
attach the breast to underlying muscle & contain lymphatics - may be involved in malignancy & contract to produce peau d'orange
38
Describe the flow of milk in lactation
Alveoli of lobule - lactiferous duct - lactiferous sinus - opening to nipple
39
Describe how estrogen, progesterone, and placental hormones act on mammary glands
- estrogen: stimulates growth & branching of the ducts - progesterone: stimulates alveolar formation - placental: forms true secretory alveoli during pregnancy
40
Where does most of the lymphatic drainage of the breast go
75% drains to axillary nodes
41
Describe the bloodflow of the mammary glands
Arterial supply & venous drainage from axillary & internal thoracic & intercostals Intercostal nerves T4-6
42
What is the role of GnRH
pulsatile release from the hypothalamus that stimulates pituitary to release FSH & LH
43
Describe the role of prolactin-inhibitory hormone
decreases pituitary prolactin release (dopamine)
44
What is the role of FSH
early & late follicle maturation
45
What is the role of LH
- late follicle maturation - causes estrogen spike midcycle which triggers ovulation & corpus luteum formation - stimulates progesterone release
46
What is the role of PRL
- breast milk secretion after primed by estrogen & progesterone - prevents ovulation during lactation
47
What is the role of estrogen
Ovarian hormone - synthesized by cholesterol & androgens stimulated by FSH & LH - Estradiol>Estrone>Estriol
48
What is the effect of estrogen on cervical mucus
causes it to be thin and water making it easy for sperm to traverse
49
What is the role of progesterone
Ovarian hormone - synthesized from cholesterol stimulated by LH in the corpus luteum & placenta - increases basal body temp with timing of ovulation
50
What is the effect on cervical mucus from progesterone
causes it to become thick, seals off uterus from further entry of sperm or bacteria
51
Describe what happens during the follicular phase
(appx day 1-14) - FSH secretion slightly elevated causing proliferation of granulosa cells & estrogen secretion - single follicle secretes more estradiol & dominates - remaining follicles synthesize androgens & become atretic
52
Describe what happens in ovulation
(appx day 14) - rupture & liberation of Graafian follicle - dramatic rise in circulating estrogen which can no longer inhibit release of LH & FSH, this surge induces ovulation
53
Describe what happens during the ovarian luteal phase
- Mittelschmerz - FERTILIZATION: corpus luteum sticks around and produces progesterone - NO FERTILIZATION: ovum passes, corpus luteum sheds on day 24/4 days prior to next menstruation
54
Describe what is happening during the uterine proliferative phase
- under the influence of estrogen from maturing follicles - repair & growth of endometrium from previous menstruation
55
Describe what happens during the uterine secretory phase
- influenced by progesterone & estrogen of corpus luteum - endometrial glands coil & secrete fluid - FERTILIZATION: corpus luteum secrets progesterone & ripens/maintains endometrium - NO FERTILIZATION: corpus luteum regresses, less estro & progesterone, endometrial thinning, necrosis, vasospasm, menstruation
56
______ is a passive process d/t lack kof gonadal sex steroids
menstruation
57
Describe the difference between the fetal & maternal surfaces of the placenta
58
Which hormone is tested in a pregnancy test
hCG
59
Describe the types of placenta previa
60
Describe the types/degrees of placental adhesion
61
Describe placental abruption
- placental prematurely separates from the uterus - MC pathologic cause of late pregnancy bleeding - usually after 20 weeks & before delivery

Cumulative (188 decks)

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