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BIOL 314 Exam 4 > Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System > Flashcards

Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System Flashcards

(109 cards)

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1
Q

the genetic sex of an individual is determined at the time of

A

fertilization by the sex chromosome that is carried by the sperm

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2
Q

there is no morphological indication of sex until

A

week six or seven of embryonic development

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3
Q

embyro can be described as

A

sexually bipotential or potentially bisexual

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4
Q

the gonads develop from

A

embryonic tissue called mesoderm

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5
Q

each gonad is

A

enclosed by germinal epithelium which surrounds large outer cortex and smaller central medulla

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6
Q

approximately 43 days after fertilization,

A

Y chromosome begins to affect indifferent gonads

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7
Q

Y chromosome carries a

A

sex-determining gene that produces testis-determining factor (TDF)

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8
Q

TDF directs

A

development of indifferent gonads into testes

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9
Q

two pairs of genital ducts are present during

A

the indifferent stage

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10
Q

mesonephros consists of

A

mesonephric tubules and mesonephric ducts

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11
Q

production of testosterone causes

A

mesonephros to differentiate into male reproductive ducts

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12
Q

paramesonephros consists of

A

a pair of Muellerian ducts

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13
Q

presence of Muellerian-inhibiting factor causes

A

paramesonephros to degenerate in males

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14
Q

the scrotum hangs from

A

the lower abdomen behind the base of the penis

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15
Q

scrotum consists of

A

loose skin, superficial fascia, and muscle tissue located just beneath skin

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16
Q

dartos is

A

a sheath of smooth muscle fibers

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17
Q

cremaster muscles are

A

thin strands of skeletal muscle that suspends testes

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18
Q

walls of scrotum contain

A

numerous sweat glands

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19
Q

a medial septum divides

A

the scrotum into two compartments, each containing one testis

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20
Q

location of septum can

A

be seen externally as median raphe

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21
Q

the location of the scrotum outside of the body cavity permits

A

thermoregulation of the testes to enhance the production and survival of sperm

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22
Q

dartos and cremaster muscles will contract in response to

A

cold temperatures

-draws testes closer to body to raise temp

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23
Q

dartos and cremaster muscles will relax in response to

A

warm temperatures

-this moves testes farther away from body to lower their temperature

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24
Q

blood vessels that suppply testes with blood form

A

pampiniform plexus

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25
pampiniform plexus acts as a
conutercurrent heat exchanger to keep scrotal temp at 35 C
26
ideal temp
35 C
27
the testes are the
male gonads
28
testes are
cytogenic because they produce sperm cells
29
testes function as
endocrine glands because they produce testosterone
30
there are two oval testes and each is about
4cm long and 2.5 cm in diameter with a mass of about 15 grams
31
each testis is covered by
a pair of membranes
32
tunica vaginalis
lines scrotum
33
tunica albuginea divides
its testis into 200 to 300 lobules
34
each lobule contains
several highly coiled seminiferous tubules
35
each seminiferous tubues is approx
80 cm long
36
walls of seminiferous tubules contain
Sertoli cells
37
Sertoli cells protect and nourish
developing sperm cells
38
Sertoli cells can destroy
defective or damaged sperm cells
39
Sertoli cells form a
blood-testis barrier
40
blood testis barrier prevents
sperm from entering blood stream where their membrane antigens could trigger immune response
41
interstitial cells (of Leydig)
fill the spaces between the seminiferous tubules
42
interstitial cells of Leydig produce and secrete
testosterone
43
primary sex cords
finger like strands of germinal epithelium , grow into an indifferent gonad and carry primordial germ cells inward
44
medulla expands and forms
bulk of testis, while cortex condenses and forms tunica albyginea that surrounds testis
45
primary sex cords lose contact with
germinal epithelium as it starts to disapper
46
primary sex cords then become hollow and
start to form seminiferous tubules
47
cells that remain in walls of seminiferous tubules become
Sertoli cells
48
primordial germ cells within primary sex cords become
spermatogonia
49
cells in medulla become
interstitial cells of Leydig
50
the testes will descend through an
opening in the inguinal canal into the scrotum sometime during the seventh month of fetal development
51
failure of testes to descend is
cryptorchidism
52
undescended testes can cause
sterility because high temp in pelvic cavity can disrupt sperm production and maturation
53
risk for testicular cancer is
30 to 50 x greater for boys with cryptorchidism
54
testes will descend spontaneously during
first year in about 80% of cases of cryptorchidism
55
immature sperm will move from the seminiferous tubules into the
rete testies
56
rete tesits is
a network of about 100 short tubes that drain the seminiferous tubules
57
immature sperm will move from the rete testis into
a collection of short efferent ductules
58
the efferent ductules converge to form
a highly coiled, comma shaped epididymis along the superion/dorsal margin of the testis
59
immature sperm cells mature and become
motile over a period of 10 to 14 days as they pass through epididymis
60
sperm may be sotred in epididymis for
a month
61
mature sperm will move from the epididymis into the
ductus (vas) deferens
62
vas deferens joins together with
blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves, and cremaster muscle to from spermatic cord, which passes through inguinal canal into pelvic cavity
63
behind urinary bladder, distal end of the vas deferens forms
enlarged ampulla for temporary sperm storage
64
the ampulla of the ductus (vas) deferens merges with a
duct from the seminal vesicle to form an ejaculatory duct behind the urinary bladder
65
ejaculatory duct transports
sperm into urethra
66
the urethra is 15 to 20 cm long and serves as
a common passage for sperm and urine
67
prostatic urethra extends from
urinary bladder through prostate gland
68
membranous urethra passes through
urogenital diaphragm in floor of pelvic cavity
69
spongy urethra passes through
spongy tissue of penis
70
a genital tubercle appears early during
embryonic development
71
urethral groove is a
shallow depression along midline of ventral surface of genital tubercle
72
walls of tissue on either side of urethral groove form
urethral folds
73
labiosacral swellings begin to develop
lateral to urethral folds
74
glans develops at the
end of the genital tubercle, which starts to form phallus
75
lateral buttresses form
on either side of phallus
76
testosterone triggers the genital tubercle to
differentiate by the 10th week following fertilization and the external genital start to appear distinctly male
77
the urethral folds fuse on
the ventral surface of the phallus to form a hollow tube that will eventually become the penile urethra
78
the lateral buttresses fold over to form
most of the shaft of the penis, and the glans penis expands from the glans at the end of the phallus
79
prepuce (foreskin)
will grow over glans penis but it will not retract until birth
80
the labiosacral swellings will fuse
and form the scrotum
81
The urethral groove elongates in
both directions
82
urethral groove elongates, on one end
breaks through the glans to form the external urethral orifice and the opposite end grows inward to form the bladder
83
one pair of outgrowths off urethral groove fuse to become
prostate gland
84
another pair of outgrowths will become
bulbourethral glands
85
the accessory glands produce and secrete
the liquid portion of semen
86
semen
a mixture of sperm, nutrient-rich mucus, proteins, and enzymes
87
seminal vesicles
pouchlike sacs at the base of the bladder that contribute about 60% of the volume of semen
88
fructose
energy source for sperm
89
proseminogelin
a protein that gets converted into seminogelin which causes semen to form temporary clot in vagina
90
prostaglandins
may cause mucus in cervical canal to become thinner, making it easier for sperm to travel from vagina into uterus- may stimulate contractions of smooth muscle in uterus and uterine tubes to assist sperm travel
91
prostate gland
a doughtnut shaped gland that surrounds the urethra as it exits the bladder- contributes to volume of semen
92
citric acid
used by sperm as a source of energy
93
acid phosphatase
a coaggulating agent that helps semen form clot in vagina
94
bicarbonate buffers
neutralize natural acidity in vagina
95
fibronolysin
decoaggulates a semen clot after vaginal acidity has been neutralized
96
serine protease
prostate specific antigen- an enzyme that breaks down proteins
97
bulbourethral glands
small spherical structures located etween the prostate gland on either side of the membranous urethra
98
bulbourethral glands secrete
alkaline substances to neutralize acidic residue left by urine in urethra
99
bulbourethral glands also secrete
mucus to lubricate penis for insertion into vagina
100
the penis
the male copulatory organ
101
root of penis
lies inside the body beneath the pubic bone and is attached to the urogenital diaphragm by skeletal muscles
102
shaft of penis
contains 3 cylindrical masses of erectile tissue each of which is surrounded by fibrous tissue
103
corpora cavernosa penis
dorsolateral masses and each contains an artery that dilates to produce erections
104
corpus spongiosum penis
a ventral mass that contains spongy urethra
105
glans penis
the enlarged distal end of penis
106
glans penis is richly innervated
with sensory nerve endings and external orifice
107
glans penis covering
covered with a loose skin fold called prepuce (foreskin)
108
small glands
beneath the foreskin, secrete waxy smegma
109
circumcision
surgical removal of all or part of prepuce

BIOL 314 Exam 4 (13 decks)

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