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BIOL 314 Exam 4 > Urine Formation, Storage, and Elimination > Flashcards

Urine Formation, Storage, and Elimination Flashcards

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1
Q

does total fluid volume in ones body fluctuate or remain stable?

A

despite daily fluctuations in fluid intake, total fluid volume in ones body remains stable

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2
Q

the osmolarity of the glomerular filtrate

A

is similar to that of the blood

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3
Q

the osmolarity of the tubular fluid

A

increases as it flows down the descending limb of the nephron loop, then decreases as it flows up the ascending limb of the nephron loop, and decreases even more as it flows through the DCT and the collecting duct

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4
Q

water

A

gets reabsorbed by osmosis as tubular fluid flows through descending limb

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5
Q

sodium, potassium, and chloride ions

A

actively reabsorbed from the ascending limb; water doesn’t follow because ascending limb impermeable

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6
Q

additional solutes, but no more water, get

A

reabsorbed from the DCT

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7
Q

principal cells in collecting ducts

A

are impermeable to water when ADH levels are low

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8
Q

urine can be as much as _______ _______ more dilute than blood plasma or glomerular filtrate

A

four times

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9
Q

when water intake is low or when water loss is high

A

the kidneys produce small volumes of highly concentrated urine because ADH has a strong influence on the collecting ducts

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10
Q

osmolarity of the interstitial fluid

A

increases four-fold from renal cortex to renal medulla because of presence of sodium ions, chloride ions, and urea

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11
Q

medullary portion of the collecting duct

A

is more permeable to water than to NaCl

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12
Q

concentrated urine is formed why

A

because the nephron loop creates a countercurrent multiplier to maintain an osmotic gradient in the interstitial fluid of the renal medulla

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13
Q

descending limb permeability

A

permeable to water but not permeable to sodium or chloride

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14
Q

water leaves the descending limb

A

which increases concentration of tubular fluid

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15
Q

ascending limb permeability

A

impermeable to water;

sodium ions, potassium ions, and chloride ions are transported out of tubular fluid

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16
Q

concentration of the tubular fluid

A

decreases but osmolarity of renal medulla stays high

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17
Q

collecting duct

A

somewhat permeable to urea; urea continually recycles between collecting ducts and medulla to increase osmolarity in medulla

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18
Q

countercurrent exchange system

A

develops from the arrangement of juxtamedullary nephrons and the vasa recta

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19
Q

as blood flows into the medulla

A

water diffuses out of the vasa racta and sodium ions and chloride ions diffuse into vasa recta

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20
Q

as blood flows out of the medulla

A

sodium ions and chloride ions diffuse out of the vasa recta and water diffuses into vasa recta

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21
Q

net result of the countercurrent exchange system

A

reabsorption of water from tubular fluid; volume of blood at end of vasa recta is greater than at beginning of vasa recta

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22
Q

overall effect of forming concentrated urine

A

ADH makes the collecting ducts more permeable to water by inserting aquaporins into the membranes of the principal cells, and the osmotic gradient in the renal medulla “pulls” water out of the collecting ducts to form concentrated urine

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23
Q

how much water in the filtrate can be reabsorbed

A

up to 99%

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24
Q

urinalysis

A

examines the physical, chemical, and microscopic properties of urine

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25
the color of urine
urine varies from nearly colorless to yellow to amber depending on diet and concentration
26
yellow color of urine
is due to urochrome pigment produced during break down of hemoglobin
27
what other factors may affect the color of urine
foods, vitamins, and drugs
28
urine is typically clear
but it will turn cloudy as a consequence of bacterial growth or from pus formation caused by a urinary tract infection
29
the odor of urine
becomes ammonia-like upon standing, because bacteria change urea to ammonia
30
some people inherit a tendency to form
methylmercaptan after eating asaparagus; their urine has a very pungent odor
31
diabetics odor of urine
produce ketone bodies; their urine has a sweet and fruity odor
32
people with phenylketonuria
produce urine that smells like a mouse cage
33
people with urinary tract infections
can produce urine with a rotten odor
34
the pH of urine ranges from
4.5 to 8.2; but is usually slightly acidic
35
high protein diets
increase acidity of urine
36
vegetarian diets
decrease acidity of urine
37
urine has a higher specific gravity than water, depending on
solute concentration
38
composition of urine
95% water and 5% solutes; urea is most abundant solute, but NaCl, KCl, creatinine, uric acid, and other mineral salts may also be present
39
normal urine volume
1-2 liters per day
40
polyuria
excessive production of urine
41
oligouria
scanty output of urine
42
anuria
an output of less than 100mL per day
43
diabetes
one of several metabolic disorders characterized by polyuria
44
excess glucose in the tubular fluid
blocks reabsorption of water and leads to dehydration
45
diabetes mellitus and gestational diabetes
result from hyperglycemia and can be diagnosed from glycosuria
46
hyposecretion of ADH
prevents the collecting ducts from reabsorbing water, causing diabetes insipidus to develop
47
diuretics
substances that increase urine volume by increasing glomerular filtration and/or reducing tubular reabsorption
48
caffeine
a diuretic; dilates afferent arterioles, which increases GFR
49
alcohol
a diuretic; inhibits ADH secretion, which reduces tubular reabsorption of water
50
Lasix
a diuretic; inhibits sodium reabsorption from nephron loop, which reduces reabsorption of water from collecting duct
51
renal clearance
measures the volume of blood that is cleared of a particular substance and it is expressed in mL/min
52
solute clearance
depends on glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, secretion
53
blood sample and urine sample
are collected and concentration of urea in each is measured and compared to rate of urine output
54
importance of renal clearance
important during drug therapy because it allows drug dosage to be set to maintain therapeutic levels of that drug
55
glomerular filtration rate can be assessed by
measuring the rate of urine output and the concentration of a solute that completely remains in the tubular fluid and gets cleared in the urine
56
inulin
completely filtered by glomerulus and added to urine; found in artichokes and garlic; renal clearance is equal to GFR
57
clearance value less than that of inulin
means substance has been reabsorbed
58
clearance value greater than that of inulin
means substance has been secreted into tubular fluid
59
ureter
is 25 cm long and transports urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder
60
arrangement of ureters
at back of bladder prevents backflow of urine as bladder fills
61
the wall of the ureter is composed of
three layers
62
adventitia of ureter
connective tissue that anchors ureters to surrounding tissues
63
muscularis of ureter
composed of two layers of smooth muscle
64
contractions of muscularis
initiate peristalsis to move urine through ureter toward urinary bladder
65
mucosa of ureter
has transitional epithelium and underlying lamina propria that contains collagen and elastic fibers
66
mucus of mucosa layer of ureter
is secreted to protect ureter from acidity of urine
67
the urinary bladder
a hollow muscular organ on the floor of the pelvic cavity
68
trigone of urinary bladder
a small triangular area in the floor of the bladder; bounded by openings of ureters and urethra
69
the wall of the urinary bladder consists of
three layers
70
fibrous adventitia of urinary bladder
continues with adventitia of ureters
71
detrusor muscle of urinary bladder
consists of three layers of smooth muscle that form internal urethral sphincter at base of bladder
72
mucosa layer of urinary bladder
has transitional epithelium
73
when the bladder is relaxed
mucosa exhibits conspicuous rugae
74
the bladder is highly distensible and typically holds
500 mL of urine, but it can hold up to 800 mL
75
the urethra
a small tube leading from the floor of the bladder to the outside of the body
76
female urethra
3-4 cm long
77
male urethra
15-20 cm long
78
prostatic urethra
passes through prostate gland
79
membranous urethra
passes through urogenital diaphragm
80
penile urethra
passes through length of penis
81
the urethral mucosa
contains transitional epithelium near the bladder, pseudostratified epithelium along most of its length, and stratified squamous epithelium near the external urethral orifice
82
male urethra contains
urethral glands that secrete mucus
83
the muscularis of the urethra
contains skeletal muscle fibers where it passes through the urogenital diaphragm to form the external urethral sphincter
84
micturition
(urination; voiding) empties urinary bladder and is controlled by a spinal micturition reflex
85
for micturition to occur
detrusor muscle must contract, internal urethral sphincter must relax, external urethral sphincter must open
86
when urine volume reaches 200 mL to 400 mL
stretch receptors in the wall of the urinary bladder send nerve impulses to the sacral portion of the spinal cord
87
when urine volume reaches 200 mL to 400 mL- signals are also sent to
micturition center in pons that integrates information about filling urinary badder with information from other brain centers
88
urination can be triggered by
fear or inhibited by behavioral standards
89
parasympathetic motor impulses from the spinal cord stimulate
the detrusor muscle to contract and the internal urethral sphincter to relax
90
parasympathetic motor impulses- also send signals to
cerebral cortex; allows voluntary relaxation of external urethral sphincter to control emptying of bladder
91
if a person chooses not to urinate
these reflexes cease within one minute and bladder continues to fill with urine
92
a lack of voluntary control over micturition is referred to as
incontinence
93
incontinence is common in
infants and young children who have not yet mastered voluntary control over external urethral sphincter
94
stress incontinence
in adults results from physical stressors (coughing, laughing, exercise, pregnancy, walking) that increase abdominal pressure
95
other causes of incontinence
include neurological disorders from spinal cord injuries, smoking, aging
96
urinary retention prevents the urinary bladder from
emptying its contents
97
urinary retention is a consequence of
general anesthesia
98
an enlarged prostate gland can cause
urinary retention in older males

BIOL 314 Exam 4 (13 decks)

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