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BIOL 314 Exam 4 > Tubular Reabsorption and Tubular Secretion > Flashcards

Tubular Reabsorption and Tubular Secretion Flashcards

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1
Q

tubular reabsorption

A

returns filtered water and filtered solutes back to the bloodstream

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2
Q

interstitial fluid pressure

A

helps drive water back into peritubular capillaries

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3
Q

blood hydrostatic pressure

A

relatively low in the peritubular capillaries, which reduces resistance to reabsorption

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4
Q

plasma proteins are not filtered

A

which raises blood colloid osmotic pressure in peritubular capillaries

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5
Q

total plasma volume filters through the renal tubules every

A

22 minutes

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6
Q

substances can be reabsorbed from the filtrate along

A

one of two possible routes

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7
Q

transcellular route

A

allows substances to pass from filtrate across epithelial cells of tubule through cytoplasm, into interstitial fluid

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8
Q

paracellular route

A

allows substances to “leak” out of filtrate through “tight” junctions between epithelial cells

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9
Q

substances that get reabsorbed from the filtrate

A

are taken into the peritubular capillaries

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10
Q

blood retains its plasma proteins

A

so water gets drawn into capillaries by osmosis

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11
Q

solvent drag

A

occurs when dissolved solutes enter capillaries by following water

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12
Q

primary active transport

A

uses ATP energy to pump substances into capillaries

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13
Q

secondary active transport

A

uses energy from ionic electrochemical gradient to pump substances into capillaries

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14
Q

symporters

A

can move two or more substances across a membrane in same direction

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15
Q

antiporters

A

can move two or more substances across a membrane in opposite directions

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16
Q

transport maximum (Tmax)

A

describes the reabsorption limit of a renal tubule due to the number of transport proteins that are available

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17
Q

each particular solute has its own Tmax when

A

all of its transporters are occupied

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18
Q

Tmax is high for glucose and

A

other substances that body needs to retain

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19
Q

tubular secretion

A

removes substances form the peritubular capillaries and adds them to the filtrate

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20
Q

most tubular reabsorption occurs in the

A

proximal convoluted tubule

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21
Q

sodium reabsorption creates an

A

osmotic gradient and an electrical gradient to drive the reabsorption of water and other solutes

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22
Q

sodium ions reabsorbed by symporters

A

in first portion of PCT along with glucose, amino acids, phosphate ions

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23
Q

sodium ions reabsorbed by antiporters

A

that transport hydrogen ions out

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24
Q

most abundant cations in filtrate

A

sodium ions

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25
chloride ions get reabsrobed
because they follow sodium ions due to electrical attraction
26
water reabsorption
raises chloride concentration in tubular fluid and creates a chloride gradient
27
bicarbonate ions seem to be
reabsorbed from the filtrate, but they really aren't
28
bicarbonate ions are filtered out of the blood
but urine is usually free of bicarbonate ions because they do not cross membrane of proximal convoluted tubule
29
bicarbonate ions combine with hydrogen ions
present in tubular fluid to form carbonic acid; dissociates into water and carbon dioxide
30
carbon dioxide
enters tubule cells and combines with water to again form carbonic acid; dissociates into bicarbnate and hydrogen ions
31
bicarbonate ions are pumped
into the blood, and hydrogen ions are pumped back into tubular fluid
32
one bicarbonate ion disappears from the tubular fluid as
another appears in the blood
33
glucose is co-transported with sodium ions by
sodium-glucose transport proteins
34
glycosuria
occurs when excess glucose remains in urine because glucose is not reabsorbed fast enough by symporters
35
nitrogenous wastes
are reabsorbed into the capillaries
36
urea
40% to 60% of urea formed gets reabsorbed along with water
37
uric acid
almost all uric acid gets reabsorbed, but some will be secreted back into tubular fluid later
38
creatinine
not reabsorbed at all because it is too lareg
39
water gets reabsorbed into the peritubular capillaries by
obligatory water reabsorption
40
about 2/3 of water
is reabsorbed through aquaporins in PCT
41
reabsorption of sodium ions and chloride ions and other solutes makes
tissue fluid hypertonic to tubular fluid
42
because the PCT reabsorbs proportionate amounts of water and solutes
osmolarity of tubular fluid remains relatively constant
43
tubular secretion in the PCT
extracts urea, uric acid, ammonia, and other wastes from the blood and transfer them into the tubular fluid
44
secretion of uric acid
compensates for its reabsorption and accounts for its presence in urine
45
aspirin, penicillin, and other drugs are
secreted into tubular fluid and cleared from the blood
46
bicarbonate ions and hydrogen ions are
secreted into tubular fluid to regulate pH of body fluids
47
primary function of the Nephron Loop (of Henle)
to create a gradient for urine concentration and water conservation
48
tubular fluid in the nephron loop
quite different from glomerular filtrate and blood plasma, because glucose and other solutes have been reabsorbed
49
the descending limb of the nephron loop
will reabsorb about 15% of the water present in the glomerular filtrate
50
the thick ascending limb of the nephron loop
has symporters that will reabsorb one sodium ion, one potassium ion, and two chloride ions from the tubular fluid
51
potassium ions
re-enter tubular fluid, but sodium ions and chloride ions remain in tissue fluid of renal medulla
52
ascending limb
is impermeable to water; osmolarity of tubular fluid decreases as tubular fluid flows through it toward distal convoluted tubule
53
sodium ions and chloride ions get reabsorbed by ___________, but the _________ _____________ __________ is relatively impermeable to water
symporters; distal convoluted tubule
54
principal cells in the collecting duct
reaborb sodium ions and secrete potassium ions
55
intercalated cells in the collecting duct
reabsorb potassium ions and bicarbonate ions, but secrete hydrogen ions
56
"proton pumps"
so effective at secreting hydrogen ions that urine can be 1000 times more acidic than blood, thereby maintaining pH of body fluids
57
aldosterone
secreted by the adrenal cortex when blood levels of sodium fall or when blood levels or potassium rise, causing the DCT and the collecting duct to reabsrobe more sodium ions and secrete more potassium ions
58
chloride ions and water
follow sodium ions, which reduces urine volume; salt balance is maintained
59
aldosterone targets principal cells
causing them to open so very little sodium leaves urine
60
the increase in blood pressure that results from increased blood volume
triggers the release of atrial natriuretic peptide form the heart
61
effects of ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide)
- increases glomerular filtration rate, - suppresses the release of ADH by pituitary gland, - suppresses release of aldosterone by counteracting effects of angiotensin II - inhibits reabsorption of sodium ions by collecting ducts in renal medulla
62
antidiuretic hormone
makes the collecting ducts more permeable to water, thereby increasing the reabsorption of water into the tissue fluid and the bloodstream
63
ADH inserts
aquaporins into the membranes of principal cells in the collecting ducts

BIOL 314 Exam 4 (13 decks)

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