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ENT Lectures > Anatomy of the palate and pharynx > Flashcards

Anatomy of the palate and pharynx Flashcards

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1
Q

Where is the oral vestibule located?

A

Between the lips and teeth

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2
Q

What is the oral cavity?

A

Above the tongue

Below the palate

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3
Q

What is the oral cavity proper?

A

Bottom of tongue to palate

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4
Q

Where is the hyoid bone?

A

Level of C3

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5
Q

What does the frenulum connect?

A

Inferior surface of tongue to base of mouth?

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6
Q

What is the sublingual caruncle?

A

Bump on frenulum that is an opening for the submandibular glands

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7
Q

What innervates the geniohyoid?

A

C1 via hypoglossal nerve

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8
Q

What innervates the mylohyoid muscle?

A

CN V3

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9
Q

What are the 3 major salivary glands?

A

Parotid
Sub mandibular
Sub lingual

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10
Q

Where are the minor salivary glands found?

A

1000s in oral mucosa

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11
Q

What do the minor glands do?

A

Basal secretion

Keep mouth moist

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12
Q

What stimulates salivation?

A

Thought, sight, smell of food or presence of food in the mouth
Painful oral conditions

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13
Q

Where does the parotid gland secrete into mouth?

A

By upper 2nd molar

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14
Q

Where does the submandibular gland secrete?

A

Via lingual caruncle

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15
Q

Where does the sublingual gland secrete via?

A

Several ducts superiorly

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16
Q

What can cause swelling of the glands?

A

Duct clogging/blockage

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17
Q

What supplies parasympathetic innervation to the parotid gland?

A

CN IX

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18
Q

What cranial nerve supplies the sublingual salivary gland and parasympathetic axons to submandibular?

A

CN VII

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19
Q

What supplies general sensory to the anterior 2/3rds of tongue?

A

Cn V3

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20
Q

What supplies taste the the ant 2/3rd of tongue?

A

CN VII

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21
Q

What supplies taste and sensation to post 1/3rd of tongue?

A

CN IX

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22
Q

What is the tongue made of?

A

Skeletal muscle

Covered in mucosa

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23
Q

Where does the thyroid originate?

A

In the pharynx

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24
Q

Where does the thyroid descend through?

A

Foramen caecum of tongue

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25
Where can thyroglossal duct cysts occur?
Any position in the midline migratory path
26
What are the 4 muscles of the tongue?
Palatoglossus Styloglossus Genioglossus Hyoglossus
27
What supplies all tongue muscles except palatoglossus?
Hypoglossal nerve
28
What supplies the palatoglossus?
Vagus
29
What is the course of the hypoglossal nerve?
Through hypoglossal canal Descends in neck lateral to carotid sheath At level of hyoid bone as it passes anteriorly towards the lateral aspect of the tongue Supplies most of the muscles of the tongue
30
How can CN XII be tested?
Ask patient to stick their tongue straight out If both CN XIIs are functional the tongue tip remains in the midline If unilateral damage to tongue tip will point towards the side of the injured nerve
31
Where do the arteries pass in relation to the hyoglossus?
Medial
32
Where do nerves pass in relation to the hyoglossus?
Lateral
33
Where does the hyoglossal nerve pass in relation to the loop of the lingual artery?
Lateral
34
How can the hard and soft palates be differentiated?
Colour | Soft palate has arches
35
Where are the tonsils found?
Between arches of soft palate
36
What bones make up the palate?
Palatine processes of maxillae Palatine bone Lateral and medial pterygoif plates of the sphenoid bone
37
What travels through the greater and lesser palantine foramen?
Branches of CN V2 | Branches of maxillary artery
38
What does the pterygoid hamate do?
Acts as a hook for muscle pulleys
39
What are the 5 muscles of the soft palate?
``` Tensor veli palatini Palatopharyngeus Palatoglossus Musulus uvulae Levator veli palatini ```
40
What supplies all soft palate muscles apart from TVP?
Vagus
41
What supplies TVP?
CN V3
42
What is the function of TVP?
Tenses palatine aponeurosis
43
What is the function of LVP?
Lifts palatine aponeurosis
44
What is the function of musculus uvulae?
Shortens uvula
45
What is the function of platoglossus?
Brings tongue and soft palate together
46
What is the function of palatopharyngeus?
Lifts pharynx and thyroid cartilage
47
What is the dunction of the soft palate?
Trapdoor stops food entering the nose during swallowing Directs air into the nose or mouth during speech, sneezing, coughing or vomiting Helps to close of the entrance into the oropharynx during the gag reflex
48
How is the vagus nerve tested?
Ask patient to say ahh If nerves are functioning normally the uvuala should lift straight up in the midline If there in unilateral damage the uvula will be pulled away from the non-functioning side
49
How many muscles makes up the pharynx?
6
50
What are the muscles in the outer circular layer?
3 constrictor muscles | Voluntary
51
What are the muscles in the inner longitudinal layer?
3 paired vertical muscles | Skeletal (voluntary)
52
What is the function of the outer circular muscles?
During sequential contraction, pushes food bolus inferiorly towards oesophagus
53
What is the function of the inner L muscles?
Pulls larynx up | Shortens pharynx
54
What supplies the muscles of the pharynx?
CNX | except Cn IX for stylopharyngeus
55
What is found in the superior pharynx?
Pterygoid hamulus Pterygomandibular raphe Myloyoid line
56
What is found in the middle of the pharynx?
Greater horn of hyoid
57
What is found in the inferior pharynx?
Thyroid cartilage | Cricoid cartilage
58
What is the midline raphe?
Connection of pharynx muscles
59
What contributes tot he pharyngeal plexus?
CN IX, X
60
Maybe insert a diagram of the pharynx muscles
Cool cool
61
What are the longitudinal muscles?
Stylopharyngeus Palatopharyngeus Salingopharyngeus
62
Where do all longitudinal muscles insert?
Posterior border of the thyroid cartilage
63
What is the function of the longitudinal muscles?
Elevate pahrynx and larynx
64
What longitudinal muscles are supplied by CN X?
Palatopharyngeus | Salpingopharyngeus
65
What are 5 features of the nasopharynx?
``` Choanae Torus tubaris Pharyngeal recess Salpingopharyngeal fold Opening for eustachian tube ```
66
What are 4 features of the oropharynx?
Palatine tonsil Palatoglossal arch Palatopharyngeal arch Lingual tonsil
67
What are 2 features of the laryngopharynx?
Laryngeal aditius | Pirifrom fossa
68
What is the function of Waldeyer's tonsillar ring?
Defence against invading pathogens
69
Where is waldeyer's tonsillar ring found?
Within the mucosa of the nasopharynx and oropharynx
70
What are the names of the tonsils?
Palatine Pharyngeal Tubal Lingual
71
What is the lymphatic drainage of the mouth?
Submental nodes Submandibular nodes Deep cervical
72
What drains the palatine tonsil?
Jugulo-digastic node
73
What are the features of lymph node infection?
``` Swollen Painful Soft Smooth Not fixed Improves ```
74
What are the lymph node features in cancer?
``` Swollen Not painful Hard Irregular Fixed Does not improve ```
75
Where do midline structures often drain?
Bilaterally

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