ENT Pathology

Question 1

What lines the auditory meatus and external canal?

Answer 1

Epidermis

Question 2

What does the epidermis contain?

Answer 2

Sebaceous and ceruminous glands

Question 3

What lines the middle ear?

Answer 3

Columnar lined mucosA

Question 4

What does the middle ear contain?

Answer 4

Ossicles
Opening of eustachian tube
Mastoid cavity

Question 5

What does the inner ear contain?

Answer 5

The cochlea

Vestibular apparatus

Question 6

What type of epithelium covers the nasal vestibule?

Answer 6

Squamous

Question 7

What type of epithelium coats the nose and sinus?

Answer 7

Respiratory epithelium

Seromucinous glands

Question 8

What type of epithelium coats the throat?

Answer 8

Respiratory and squamous epithelium

Question 9

What type of gland is the salivary gland?

Answer 9

Exocrine gland
Major and minor
Acinar component and ductular component

Question 10

What stains darkly?

Answer 10

Serous cells

Question 11

What stains grey?

Answer 11

Mucinous

Question 12

Where are myoepithelial cells found?

Answer 12

Peripherally

Question 13

What is otitis media?

Answer 13

Inflammation of the middle ear

Question 14

What is the main cause of otitis media?

Answer 14

Usually viral

Occasionally baterial

Question 15

Where does cholesteatoma affect?

Answer 15

Superior posterior middle ear and/or petrous apex

Question 16

What is the pathogenesis of cholesteatoma?

Answer 16

Chronic otitis media and perforated tympanic membrane

Question 17

What is seen in pathology of cholesteatoma?

Answer 17

Abnormally situated squamous epithelium
High cell turnover
Abundant keratin production
Associated inflammation

Question 18

What is vestibular schwannoma associated with?

Answer 18

Vestibular portion of CN 8

Question 19

Where does vestibular schwannoma mostly occur?

Answer 19

Temporal bone and represent 80-90% of cerebellopontine angle tumours

Question 20

Are vestibular schwannomas usually unilateral or bilateral?

Answer 20

Unilateral

Question 21

What is bilateral schwannomas associated with?

Answer 21

NF2

Question 22

What can cause rhinitis/sinusitis?

Answer 22

Infection - common cold

Allergic - Hay fever

Question 23

What can cause nasal polyps?

Answer 23

Allergy
Infection
Asthma
Aspirin sensitivity
Nickel exposure
Cystic fibrosis

Question 24

What are some benign tumours of the nose?

Answer 24

Squamous papillomas
Schneiderian papillomas
Angiofibromas

Question 25

What are some malignant lesions of the nose?

Answer 25

``` Squamous cell carcinoma Primary adenocarcinoma Nasopharyngeal carcinoma Neuroblastoma Lymphoma ```

Question 26

Who gets schneiderian papilloma?

Answer 26

Over 50s | Males

Question 27

What are some risk factors for schneiderian papilloma?

Answer 27

HPV Smoking Organic solvents Weldiing

Question 28

What are some symptoms of schneiderian papilloma?

Answer 28

Blocked nose

Question 29

What is seen in schneiderian papillomaa?

Answer 29

Inverted and oncocytic on lateral walls and paranasal sinuses, exophytic on nasal septum

Question 30

Who gets nasopharyngeal carcinomas?

Answer 30

Males>Females

Question 31

What is nasopharyngeal carcinoma associated with?

Answer 31

EBV

Question 32

What can cause laryngeal polyps?

Answer 32

Relative change in laryngeal mucosa secondary to vocal abuse, infection and smoking Hypothyroidism

Question 33

What is a contact ulcer?

Answer 33

Benign response to injury

Question 34

What can cause a contact ulcer?

Answer 34

Chronic throat clearing Voice abuse GORD intubation

Question 35

What is a paraganglioma?

Answer 35

Tumour arrising in clusters of neuroendocrine cells

Question 36

Are paragangliomas chromaffin positive?

Answer 36

Can be

Question 37

Who get paragangliomas?

Answer 37

>50s | MEN2

Question 38

Where can SCCs occur?

Answer 38

``` Head Neck Nose Sinuses Pharynx Larynx ```

Question 39

What are risk factors for SCC?

Answer 39

Smoking | Alcohol

Question 40

What is the staging of SCC?

Answer 40

Larynx (glottic) T1a - one vocal cord T1b - both vocal cords T2 - Extension into supra/subglottis T3 - vocal cord fixation or extension into paraglottic space T4a - thyroid cartilage, trachea, muscles of tongue T4b - prevertebral space

Question 41

What are sialolithiasis?

Answer 41

Stones in the salivary glands

Question 42

What infections can occur in the salivary glands?

Answer 42

Paramyxovirus (mumos, bilateral parotitis)

Question 43

What gland is the common site for salivary gland tumours?

Answer 43

Parotis

Question 44

T/F tumours in samller glands are more likely to be malignant/

Answer 44

True

Question 45

What is the most common tumour of the salivary glands?

Answer 45

Pleomorphic adenomas

Question 46

Who gets pleomorphic adenomas?

Answer 46

Femaes 40-60

Question 47

When do pleomorphic adenomas have a risk of malignant transformation?

Answer 47

If longstanding

Question 48

What is warthin's tumour?

Answer 48

Second most common benign tumour of salivary glands

Question 49

Who gets warthin's tumour?

Answer 49

Males >50 | Smokers

Question 50

Is Warthin's unilateral or bilateral?

Answer 50

Mostly bilateral

Question 51

What is the most common malignant salivary gland tumour in the world and the UK?

Answer 51

World - Mucoepidermoid carcinoma | Uk - Adenoid cystic carcinoma

Question 52

Where is llikely for a mucoepidermoid carcinoma?

Answer 52

Parotid mostly

Question 53

Who gets adenoid cystic carcinoma?

Answer 53

>40

Question 54

What is the 5 year surviival for adenoid cystic carcinoma?

Answer 54

35%

Question 55

What are some symptoms of adenoid cystic carcinoma?

Answer 55

Pain | Loss of function (of??)