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RB Y2 Renal > Anatomy of Upper Renal Tract > Flashcards

Anatomy of Upper Renal Tract Flashcards

1
Q

what does urothelium line

A
  • renal pelvis
  • ureters
  • bladder
  • parts of urethra
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2
Q

what is the special property of uroepithelium

A

capable of strecthing eg when the bladder is full

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3
Q

define upper and lower urinary tract

A
  • upper: kidneys and ureters
  • lower: urethra and bladder
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4
Q

what is the vertebral level of the iliac crests

A

L4/5

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5
Q

which part of the urinary tract is found in the perineum

A

distal urethra

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6
Q

outline where in the body the urinary tract components are

A
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7
Q

where are the kidneys found in relation to the peritoneum

A
  • retroperitoneal organs - visceral peritoneum covering on their anterior surface
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8
Q

what are the kidneys enclosed in

A

renal fat/fascia/capsule

renal/nephric are interchangeable

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9
Q

how are kidneys sometimes protected from trauma

A

by muscle guarding

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10
Q
A
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11
Q
A

psoas major

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12
Q
A

quadratus lumborum

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13
Q
A
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14
Q
A
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15
Q

decribe the position of the kidney in relation to the quadratus lumborum and psoas major

A

lateral to psoas major and anterior to q.l

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16
Q

what are the verterbal levels of the kidney

A
  • left :T12-L2
  • right: L1-3
    • lower due to the liver
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17
Q

where are the floating ribs in relation to the kidneys, and what is the signficance of this

A

posteriorly:

  • can protect against posteriorly penetrating trauma
  • ribs fracture can contuse/lacerate the kidney
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18
Q

which quadrants of the abdomen do the kidneys lie in

A

left and right flank

L/R upper quadrant

19
Q

where should one palpate when balloting the kidneys

A
  • posteriorly in flank just inferior to rib 12
  • anteriorly in UQ
  • as the patient breathes in the kidney descends and can be palpated between hands
20
Q

how do kidneys move on inspiration and expiration

A
  • inferiorly on inspiration
  • superiorly on expiration
21
Q

hepatorenal recess

A

one of the lowest parts of the peritoneal cavity when the patient is lying supine

22
Q

where does lymph from the kidneys and ureteres drain

A
  • kidneys: lumbar nodes
  • ureters: lumbar and iliac nodes
  • then to cisterna chyli and thoracic duct
23
Q

at what vertebral level do the renal arteries branch off the aorta

A
24
Q

where are the renal veins in relation to the arteries

A

anterior

25
Q

at which vertebral level and surface landmark does the aorta bifurcate

A

L4

umbilicus

26
Q

what may be associated with renal artery stenosis

A

AAA - infra or supra renal

27
Q

pelvic kidney

A

embryologically, kidneys develop in the pelvis and ascend into the abdomen

failure of this

28
Q

anatomical variation in the renal system

A
29
Q
A
30
Q

describe how urine drains from the kidney

A
  • from the nephrons collecting ducts
  • minor calyx
  • many of these form a major calyx
  • renal pelvis
  • ureter
31
Q

where are the nephrons found in the kidney

A

in the renal pyramids

32
Q

renal papilla

A

apex of renal pyramid

33
Q
A
34
Q

what happens in the glomerulus

A

ultrafiltration of blood arriving via branches of renal artery

35
Q

what happens in the collecting duct

A

passes through the pyramid to drain the modified filtate into the minor calyx as urine

  • major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter
36
Q

describe the diamter of the urine drainage tubes

A

progressively increase until the pelviuretic junction: wide renal pelvis becomes narrower ureter

37
Q

name 2 other sites of ureteric constriction

A
  • ureter crossing the anterior aspect of the common iliac artery (can cross at bifurcation)
  • ureteric orifice - opening into one corner of trigone on floor of the bladder
38
Q

what can renal calculi form from

A

urine calcium salts - obstruct the urinary tract from within

39
Q

what is a classical x ray sign of a calculus

A
  • small renal calculus in minor calyx
  • large staghorn calculus in renal pelvis
40
Q

what type of muscle does the ureter have in its walls

A

smooth muscle

41
Q

what is the response to ureteric obstruction

A

smooth muscle in ureter walls - increased peristalsis proximal to obstruction in an attempt to remove it by flushing it into the bladder

peristalsis causes colicky pain as it comes in waves

42
Q

define renal failure

A

failure to adequately filter the blood to produce urine

43
Q

in the presence of an obstruction, how long will urine production continue for

A

until the pressure within the urinary tract exceeds the pressures favouring filtration at the gomerulus

44
Q

hydronephrosis

A
  • swelling of kidney due to build up of urine
  • back pressure compresses the nephrons in the medullar pyramids leading to renal failure
  • acute hydronephrosis can cause painful stretching of the renal capsule

RB Y2 Renal (26 decks)

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