Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards
(107 cards)
1
Q
Epidermis Layers from Surface to Base
A
Stratum Corneum, Lucidum (anucleate cells), Granulosum, spinosum (spines are desmosomes), basale (stem cells) Californians Like Girls in String Bikinis
2
Q
Location of hair shaft, sweat glands, sebaceous glands
A
Dermis
3
Q
Tight Junctions
A
Zonula Occludens, prevents paracellular movement of solutes; composed of claudins and occludins
4
Q
Adherens Junctions
A
Zona Adherens, below tight junction, forms “belt” connecting actin cytoskeletons of adjacent cells with Cadherins
5
Q
Calcium-dependent adhesion proteins
A
Cadherins
6
Q
macula adherens, structural support via keratin interactions
A
Desmosome
7
Q
Autoantibodies to desmosome
A
Pemphigus Vulgaris
8
Q
Membrane proteins that maintain integrity of basolateral membrane by binding to collagen and laminin in basement membrane
A
Integrins
9
Q
Connects keratin in basal cells to underlying basment membrane
A
Hemidesmosome
10
Q
Autoantibodies to Hemidesmosome
A
Bullous Pemphigoid
11
Q
Anterior Drawer Test
A
ACL injury
12
Q
Posterior Drawer Test
A
PCL injury
13
Q
Abnormal Passive Abduction (Valgus Stress)
A
MCL Injury
14
Q
Abnormal Passive Adduction (Varus Stress)
A
LCL injury
15
Q
McMurray test
A
Pain on external rotation of tibia - medial meniscus
Pain on internal rotation of tibia - lateral meniscus
16
Q
Unhappy Triad
A
ACL, MCL and medial meniscus
Most common contact sports injury due to lateral force applied on planted leg
17
Q
ACL attachment on Tibia
A
Anterior
18
Q
PCL attachment of Tibia
A
Posterior
19
Q
Ischial Spine
A
Pudendal Nerve Block to relieve pain during delivery
20
Q
McBurney Point
A
2/3 distance between umbilicus and ASIS just prox to ASIS
21
Q
Iliac Crest
A
Lumbar Puncture
22
Q
Suprascapular nerve
A
Supraspinatus and infraspinatus
23
Q
Shoulder Muscles of Rotator Cuff
A
Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis
24
Q
Medially rotates and adducts arm
A
subscapularis (subscapular nerve)
25
Laterally rotates and adducts arm
Teres Minor (axillary nerve)
26
Laterally rotates arm, pitching injury
Infraspinatus
27
Initially Abducts arm; most common rotator cuff injury
Supraspinatus
28
Wrist bones Starting thumb side
Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrium, pisiform
| Trapezium Trapezoid, capitate, hamate
29
Palpated in Anatomical Snuff Box
Scaphoid
30
Most commonly fractured carpal bone and is prone to avascular necrosis owing to retrograde blood supply
Scaphoid
31
Lunate Dislocation
Acute Carpal tunnel syndrome
32
Wrist bone damage when falls on outstretched hand
Hook of hamate, can cause ulnar nerve injury
33
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
entrapment of median nerve
34
Guyon Canal Syndorme
Compression of the ulnar nerve at wrist or hand
35
Tear in C5-6, upper trunk - lateral traction on neck during during delivery
Erb Palsy
36
Muscles affected in Erb Palsy
Deltoid, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, biceps brachii
37
Traction or tear in lower trunk, C8-T1
Klumpke Palsy
38
Pulling infant out with their arm
| Adults trying to catch themself from falling from a tree
Klumpke Palsy
39
Total Claw Hand
Klumpke Palsy
40
Muscle affected in Klumpke Palsy
lumbricals, interossei, thenar and hypothenar
41
Winged Scapula
Lesion of Long thoracic nerve, axillary node dissection after mastectomy, stab wounds
42
Muscle affected in Winged scapula
Serratus Anterior
43
Fractured surgical neck of humerus
Axillary nerve damage C5-6
44
Anterior dislocation of humerus
Axillary nerve damage C5-6
45
Loss of arm abduction at should >15 degrees, loss of deltoid sensation and lateral arm
Axillary nerve damage C5-6
46
Upper trunk compression
Muscutaneous nerve damage C5-7
47
Loss of forearm flexion and supination
Muscutaneous nerve damage C5-7
48
Midshaft fracture of humerus
Radial Nerve Damage C5-T1
49
Saturday Night Palsy
Radial Nerve Damage C5-T1
50
Wrist Drop
Loss of elbow, wrist, and finger extension
| Radial Nerve Damage C5-T1
51
Loss of sensation over posterior arm/forearm and dorsal hand
Radial Nerve Damage C5-T1
52
Supracondylar Fracture of Humerus
Median Nerve Damage C5-T1
53
Ape Hand and Pope's blessing
Median Nerve Damage C5-T1
54
Loss of wrist and lateral finger flexion, thumb opposition, lumbricals of 2nd and 3rd digits
Median Nerve Damage C5-T1
55
Loss of sensation of thenar eminence and dorsal and palmar aspects of lateral 3 1/2 finers with proximal lesion
Median Nerve Damage C5-T1
56
Tinel Sign
Tingling on percussion in carpal tunnel syndrome
| Median Nerve Damage C5-T1
57
Fracture of Medial epicondyle of humerus "funny bone"
Proximal lesion of Ulnar nerve (C8-T1)
58
Fracture of Hook of Hamate
Distal lesion of Ulnar nerve
59
Radial deviation of wrist upon flexion
Proximal lesion of Ulnar nerve (medial epicondyle Fz)
60
Loss of Abduction and Adduction of fingers
Interossei (ulnar nerve damage) medial 2 lumbrical muscles
61
Superficial Laceration of Palm
Recurrent branch of median nerve (C5-T1)
62
Loss of opposition, abduction and flexion of thumb
Recurrent branch of median nerve (C5-T1)
63
Clawing
Seen more in distal lesions of median or ulnar nerves
64
Can't extend pinky and ring fingers at rest
Distal Ulnar nerve "ulnar claw)
65
When making a fist, pinky and ring finger go down
Proximal Median nerve "pope's blessing"
66
Can't extend pointer of middle finger at rets
Distal median nerve "median claw"
67
When making a fist, can't put down pinky or ring finger
| Digits 1-3 can flex
Proximal Ulnar nerve damage
68
Hand muscles (thenar) supplied by median nerve
Opponens pollicis, Abductor pollicis brevis, flexor pollicis brevis
69
Hand Muscles (hypothenar) supplied by ulnar nerve
opponens digitis minimi, abductor digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi brevis
70
Interosseous muscles dorsal and palmar
DAB, PAD
| dorsal abduct; palmar adduct
71
Lumbrical muscles
flex at MCP joint, extend and PIP and DIP joints
72
Decreased thigh sensation (medial) and decreased adduction
Obturator Nerve (L2-L4) damage - see in pelvic Sx
73
Decreased thigh flexion and leg extension
Femoral Nerve (L2-L4) damage - see in Pelvic Fz
74
Foot Drop, inverted and plantarflexed at rest
Common peroneal damage (L4-S2)
75
Steppage Gait
Common peroneal damage (L4-S2)
76
Loss of sensation on Dorsum of foot
Common peroneal damage (L4-S2)
77
Trauma or compressionof lateral aspect of leg, fibular neck fracture
Common peroneal damage (L4-S2)
78
Inability to curl toes and loss of sensation on sole of foot
Tibial nerve damage (L4-S3)
79
Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome
Distal lesion of Tibial Nerve (L4-S3)
80
Proximal Lesion of Tibial nerve
Baker Cyst, loss of inversion and plantarflexion
81
Posterior Hip Dislocation, polio
Superior Gluteal nerve Damage (L4-S1)
82
Trendelenberg sign
Superior Gluteal nerve Damage (L4-S1)
| lesion is CL to the side of hip that drops, IL side on foot patient stands on (glut medius and minimus)
83
Posterior Hip Dislocation (not polio)
Inferior Gluteal Nerve Damage (L5-S2)
84
Difficultly climbing stairs and rising from a seated position due to loss of hip extension
Inferior Gluteal Nerve Damage (L5-S2) (gluteus maximus)
85
Posterior Thigh, splits into common peroneal and tibial nerves
Sciatic Nerve (L4-S3)
86
TIP
Tibial Inverts and Plantarflexes; if injured can't stand on TIPtoes
87
PED
Peroneal Everts and Dorsiflexes; if injured, foot dropPED
88
Axilla/Lateral Thorax
Long Thoracic Nerve and Lateral Thoracic Artery
89
Surgical Neck of Humerus
Axillary nerve and Posterior Circumflex Artery
90
Midshaft of Humerus
Radial Nerve and Deep Brachial Artery
91
Distal Humerus/Cubital Fossa
Median Nerve and Brachial Artery
92
Popliteal Fossa
Tibial Nerve and Popliteal Artery
93
Posterior to Medial Malleolus
Tibial Nerve and Posterior Tibial Artery
94
Type 1 Muscle Fiber
1 Slow Red Ox
| Slow twitch, red fibers (increased mitochondria), oxidative phosphorylation (sustained contraction)
95
Type 2 Muscle Fiber
Fast Twitch, white fibers, anaerobic glycolysis, weight training increases these
96
Smooth Muscle Calcium Channels
L-type VGC
97
Calcium calmodulin complex
Smooth muscle contraction
98
Myosin-light chain kinase
Smooth Muscle contraction
99
Myosin Light Chain Phosphatase
Smooth Muscle relaxation
100
Endochondral ossification
Bone of axial skeleton, base of skull
| Cartilaginous model of bone is 1st made by chondrocytes
101
Membranous ossification
Bones of Calvarium and facial bones, woven bone made without cartilage
102
Osteoblast
Build Bone, differentiate from mesenchymal stem cells in periosteum
103
Osteoclasts
Multinucleated cells that dissolve bone by secreting acids and collagenases. differentiate from monocytes/macrophages
104
Low levels of PTH
anabolic effects (building bone)
105
Chronic high PTH levels
Primary hyperPTH, cause catabolic effects like osteitis fibrosa cystica
106
Estrogen
inhibits apoptosis in bone-forming osteoblasts and induces apoptosis in bone-resorbing osteoclasts
107
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