Pathology 1

Question 1

Failure of longitudinal bone growth (endochondral ossification) SHORT LIMBS

Answer 1

Achondroplasia

Question 2

Constitutive activation of FGFR3

Answer 2

Inhibits chondrocyte formation, causing achondroplasia

Question 3

DEXA Scan

Answer 3

determines bone mineral density

T score <-2.5 is osteoporosis

Question 4

Trabecular (spongy) bone loss

Answer 4

Osteoporosis

Question 5

Osteoporosis Type 1

Answer 5

Post-menopausal, increased bone resorption from decreased estrogen

Question 6

Osteoporosis Type 2

Answer 6

senile Osteoporosis, affect men and women >70 years old

Question 7

Prophylaxis for Osteoporosis

Answer 7

Regular Weight bearing exercise and adequate calcium and vitamin D

Question 8

Femoral neck fz, distal radius (Colles) Fz

Answer 8

Type I Osteoporosis

Question 9

Tx for Osteoporosis

Answer 9

Bisphosphonates, PTH, SERMs, denosumab (Mab against RANKL)

Question 10

Marble Bone Disease

Answer 10

Osteopetrosis

Question 11

Defective Osteoclasts, mutations in carbonic anhydrase II

Answer 11

Osteopetrosis

Question 12

Thicken, dense bones prone to fracture

Answer 12

Osteopetrosis

Question 13

Hyperactivity of osteoblasts

Answer 13

increase in ALP

Question 14

Osteitis deformans

Answer 14

Paget disease of the bone, common localized disorder of bone remodeling caused by increase in both osteoblastic and osteoclastic activity

Question 15

Stages of Paget (bone) Disease

Answer 15

Lytic - osteoclast
Mixed - osteoclast + osteoblast
Sclerotic - Osteoblasts
Quiescent - minimal osteoblast/clast activity

Question 16

Hat Size increased; hearing loss from auditory foramen narrowing

Answer 16

Osteitis deformans (paget disease)

Question 17

Mosaic Pattern of woven and lamellar bone

Answer 17

Osteitis deformans (paget disease)

Question 18

Most common site for avascular necrosis

Answer 18

Femoral head due to insufficiency of medial circumflex femoral artery

Question 19

Long bone Chalk Stick fractures

Answer 19

Osteitis deformans (paget disease)

Question 20

Bone disorder caused by oversupplementation or granulomatous disease like sarcoidosis

Answer 20

Hypervitaminosis D

Question 21

“Brown tumors” due to fibrous replacement of bone, subperiosteal thinning

Answer 21

Osteitis fibrosa cystica

Question 22

Bone pain, fever and leukocytosis. Lytic bone surrounded by sclerosis on X-ray

Answer 22

Osteomyelitis

Question 23

Epiphyseal end of long bones, “soap bubble” appearance on X-ray from multinucleated giant cells

Answer 23

Giant cell tumor

Question 24

Mature bone with cartilaginous cap, common benign tumor usually males <25y/o

Answer 24

Osteochondroma (exostosis)

Question 25

Codman Triangle

Answer 25

elevation of periosteum or sunburst pattern on X-ray | Osteosarcoma

Question 26

Primary malignant bone tumor on metaphysis of long bones (around knee)

Answer 26

Osteosarcoma

Question 27

Age distribution for oestosarcoma

Answer 27

10-20years for primary | >65y for secondary

Question 28

Tx for Osteosarcoma

Answer 28

Surgical en bloc resection with limb salvage and chemo

Question 29

Boys <15y/o in diaphysis of long bone

Answer 29

Ewing Sarcoma

Question 30

Anaplastic small blue cell malignant tumor of bone, onion skin appearance of bone

Answer 30

Ewing Sarcoma, derived from neuroectoderm

Question 31

t(11; 22)

Answer 31

Ewing Sarcoma

Question 32

Benign tumor of bone, most commonly arises on facial bones associated with Gardner Syndrome

Answer 32

Osteoma

Question 33

Bone Pain that resolves with ASA, bony mass with radiolucent (osteoid) core

Answer 33

Osteoid Osteoma

Question 34

>2cm, arises in vertebrae, bone pain that persists with ASA

Answer 34

Osteoblastoma

Question 35

Expansile glistening mass within the medullary cavity, malignant

Answer 35

Chondrosarcoma

Question 36

Benign tumor of cartilage in medulla of small bones (hands and feet)

Answer 36

Chondroma

Question 37

Mechanical Wear and tear

Answer 37

Osteoarthritis

Question 38

Autoimmune inflammatory destruction of synovial joints

Answer 38

Rheumatoid arthritis | HS III and IV

Question 39

Pannus Formation of joint (MCP, PIP)

Answer 39

RA

Question 40

Eburnation

Answer 40

polished, ivory-like appearance of bone associated with osetoarthritis

Question 41

Heberden nodes

Answer 41

DIP, osteoarthritis

Question 42

Bouchard Nodes

Answer 42

PIP, osteoarthritis

Question 43

Ulnar Deviation of Fingers

Answer 43

RA

Question 44

More specific that anti-IgG Ab (Rheumatoid factor) for RA

Answer 44

anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody

Question 45

HLA-DR4

Answer 45

RA

Question 46

Age, obesity, joint deformity, trauma

Answer 46

Osteoarthritis

Question 47

Morning stiffness lasting >30minutes and improving with use, symmetric joint involvement

Answer 47

RA

Question 48

Pain at end of day

Answer 48

Osteoarthritis

Question 49

Boutonniere deformity

Answer 49

RA

Question 50

And even when your hope is gone

Answer 50

Move along, move along just to make it through