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Block H - Movement > Anatomy -- Spine > Flashcards

Anatomy -- Spine Flashcards

(136 cards)

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1
Q

5 divisions of the vertebral column

A
  • Cervical Spine
  • Thoracic Spine
  • Lumbar Spine
  • Sacrum
  • Coccyx
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2
Q

Number of vertebrae of cervical spine

A

7 (C1 - C7)

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3
Q

Number of vertebrae of thoracic spine

A

12 (T1 - T12)

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4
Q

Number of lumbar vertebrae

A

5 (L1 - L5)

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5
Q

Number of vertebrae in sacrum

A

5 (S1 - S5)

NOTE: Fused in adults

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6
Q

Number of vertebrae in cocyx (tailbone)

A

4

NOTE: Variation may occur (i.e. 3 or 5), but usually treated as a single entity anyway

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7
Q

Define lordosis

A

Normal curvature of cervical and lumbar portions of spine

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8
Q

Define kyphosis

A

Normal curvature of thoracic and sacral portions of the spine

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9
Q

Example of a condition that can cause exaggerated lordosis or kyphosis

A

“Hunchback” = hyperkyphosis

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10
Q

Example of acondition that can cause loss of lordosis or kyphosis

A

Muscle spasm –> loss of lordosis

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11
Q

Define scoliosis

A

Abnormal curvature of the spine laterally

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12
Q

Most common cause of scoliosis in adolescents

A

Idiopathic

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13
Q

Most common cause of scoliosis in elderly

A

Degenerative

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14
Q

7 parts of a typical verebra

A
  • Vertebral body
  • Verebral arch
    • Pedicle
    • Lamina
  • Inferior articular process
  • Transverse process
  • Spinous process
  • Superior articular process
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15
Q

2 vertebra that are NOT typical vertebrae

A

C1 and C2

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16
Q

Function of vertebral body

A

Short cylindrical bone that supports weight

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17
Q

Function of the vertebral arch

A

Encloses the vertebral foramen –> when stacked with other vertebrae, this creates the spinal canal

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18
Q

Indentations of the pedicles

A

Superior and inferior vertebral notches

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19
Q

What forms the intervertebral or neural foramen

A

Inferior notch of one vertebra and the superior notch of the vertebra below when stacked

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20
Q

Function of the intervertebral/neural foramen

A

Exit for the spinal nerves arising from the spinal cord

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21
Q

Function of spinous process

A

Act as a point of attachment for various ligaments and muscles

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22
Q

Function of transverse processes

A

Point of attachment for ligaments and deep back muscles

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23
Q

Alternative name for articular processes

A

Zygapophyses

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24
Q

What forms the facet joint?

A

Each articular process has an articular facet –> Inferior facet of one vertebra and the superior facet of the vertebra below

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25
Function of the angle of the facet joint
Prevent anterior slippage of one vertebra on another
26
Define pars interarticularis
The bony area between the two articular processes
27
Type of vertebra: C1
Atlas
28
Describe the form of the atlas (C1)
Ring-shaped vertebra without a body or spinous process
29
Function of C1 (atlas)
Support the skull
30
Type of vertebra: C2
Axis
31
Describe the form of the axis (C2)
Dens (odontoid process) protrudes superiorly from the body
32
Describe the movement of C1 against C2
C1 rotates around the dens --\> shaking head side-to-side
33
Function of the transverse ligament of the atlas
Help appose dens against C1 (and also separates the dense from spinal cord)
34
Purpose of foramen in transverse processes of cervical spine. Exception?
Passage of the vertebral arteries Except C7 --\> foramen allows passage of small veins
35
Describe the spinous processes of C2 - C6
Bifid
36
Describe the spinous process of C7
Long (can feel bump at the back of the back of the neck)
37
Where do vertebral arteries originate from and what do they become?
Arise from the subclavian artery --\> merge to form the basilar artery (feeds part of the brain)
38
10 parts of the atlas (C1) from a superior view
* Posterior arch * Posterior tubercle * Superior articular facet * Facet for dens * Anterior tubercle * Anterior arch * Transverse foramen * Transverse process * Lateral masses
39
Identify the 8 parts of the atlas from a lateral view
* Superior articular facet * Anterior tubercle * Transverse foramen * Inferior articular facet * Transverse process * Posterior arch of atlas * Posterior tubercle * Groove for vertebral artery
40
Identify the 9 parts of the axis (C2) from a superior view
* Spinous process * Vertebral arch * Inferior articular process * Transverse foramen * Anterior articular facet * Superior articular facet * Transverse process * Dens * Vertebral foramen
41
Identify the 10 parts of the axis (C2) from a lateral view
* Anterior articular facet * Superior articular facet * Transverse foramen * Body * Transverse process * Inferior articular facet * Vertebral arch * Spinous process * Dens * Posterior articular facet
42
Joint between the facet of the dens on C1 and the dens of the axis (C2)
Median atlantoaxial joint
43
Joint between a typical inferior articular process and superior articular process
Zygaophyseal joint
44
What part of the thoracic vertebrae allows for articulation with ribs
Costal facets on side of each body and on each transverse process
45
Shape of the bodies of T5 - T8 when viewed superiorly
Heart-shaped
46
Identify the 11 parts of a typical cervical vertebra from a superior view
* Vertebral foramen * Lamina * Pedicle * Transverse process with sulcus for spinal nerve * Body * Anterior tubercle * Transverse foramen * Posterior tubercle * Superior articular facet * Vertebral arch * Spinous process
47
Identify the 9 parts of a typical cervical vertebra from a lateral view
* Transverse foramen * Superior articular process * Superior articular facet * Inferior articular process * Spinous process * Inferior articular facet * Sulcus for spinal nerve * Body * Transverse process
48
Identify the 10 parts of a typical thoracic vertebra from a superior view
* Costal facet on transverse process * Spinous process * Lamina * Transverse process * Superior articular facet * Superior vertebral notch * Body * Superior costal facet * Inferior costal facet * Pedicle
49
Identify the 10 parts of a typical thoracic vertebra from a lateral view
* Body * Superior costal facet * Superior vertebral notch * Superior articular facet * Transverse process * Costal facet on transverse process * Inferior vertebral notch * Spinous process * Inferior articular facet * Inferior costal facet
50
Define sacralization
Fusion of one or both L5 transverse processes to S1
51
Identify the 10 parts of a typical lumbar vertabra from a superior view
* Spinous process * Superior articular facet * Mammilary process * Costal process * Superior articular process * Superoir vertebral notch * Body * Vertebral foramen * Vertebral arch * Accessory process
52
Identify the 8 parts of a typical lumbar vertebra from a lateral view
* Superior articular process * Mammillary process * Costal process * Spinous process * Inferior articular facet * Inferior articular process * Inferior vertebral notch * Body
53
When do the vertebrae of the scarum start to fuse?
Around 18 years of age
54
Result of fusion of sacral vertebrae
Creation of a single triangular bone --\> transverse lines
55
Define sacral promontory
The anterior edge of the body of S1
56
With what process does the sacrum articulate in the pelvic ring? What joint?
Ilia of the pelvic bones at the sacro-iliac joint
57
What allows passage of sacral nerves in the sacrum?
4 pairs of foraminae
58
Parts of coccyx
Body only with no vertebral arch
59
From which joint does the coccyx articulate with the sacrum?
Sacrococcygeal joint
60
Advantage of sacrococcygeal joint
Allows for some movement, such as in childbirth
61
How to name intervertebral discs
According to vertebrae above and below
62
Percentage of vertebral column height due to intervertebral discs
25%
63
Purpose of intervertebral discs
Shock absorption
64
Define annulus fibrosus
Outer portion of intervertebral discs composed of concentric lamellae (layers) of fibrocartilage and collagen with direction of fibers varying
65
Purpose of annulus fibrosus
Provide strength to intervertebral discs
66
Central core of intervertebral disc
Nucleus polposus
67
3 points of the structure of the nucleus polposus
* Collagen in a gel of polysaccharides with high water content * Avascular * Loss of water content and becomes more fibrous with age
68
How does the nucleus polposus receive nutrients?
Via diffusion through hyaline cartilage endplates that sit on either end of vertebral body
69
What is the effect of the nucleus polposus losing its water content?
Contribution to loss of height with age
70
Define annular tear
Tear in annulus fibrosus allowing material from nucleus polposus to leak out --\> pain due to irritation from the material
71
Define disc protrusion/herniation
Nucleus polposus herniates through the inner part of the annulus versus all the way through the annulus
72
2 vertebral body ligaments
* Anterior longitudinal ligament * Posterior longitudinal ligament
73
Location of anterior longitudinal ligament
Along the anterior surface of the vertebral body
74
Location of posterior longitudinal ligament
Along the posterior surface of the vertebral body
75
4 vertebral arch ligaments
* Ligamenta flava * Interspinous ligaments * Supraspinous ligaments * Intertransverse ligaments
76
Location of ligamenta flava
Between laminae
77
Locatio nof interspinous ligaments
Between spinous processes
78
Location of supraspinous ligaments
Along posterior ridge of spinous processes
79
Location of intertransverse ligaments
Between transverse processes
80
Define the nuchal ligament
Portion of the supraspinous ligament that is broadened superiorly, located between external occipital protruberance and spinous process of C7
81
Define the anterior longitduinal ligament
Broad, fibrous band that covers, and is attached to, the anterior aspect of the vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs
82
What vertebrae does the anterior longitudinal ligament span?
Skull and C1 to sacrum
83
Function of anterior longitudinal ligament
Prevent hyperextension of vertebral column
84
Define the posterior longitudinal ligament
Thinner band (compared to anterior longituidinal ligament) that runs within the spinal canal, attached to the posterior aspect of vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs
85
Which vertebrae does the posterior longitudinal ligament run along?
C2 to sacrum
86
Function of posterior longitudinal ligament
Prevent hyperflexion of vertebral column
87
Location of spinal cord
Within the spinal canal
88
3 protective meninges surrounding the spinal cord (from outermost to innermost)
Dura mater Arachnoid mater Pia mater
89
Describe the attachment of the dura mater
Fixed to skull and uppermost cervical vertebrae; hangs loosely to S2
90
Describe the attachment of the arachnoid mater
Covers spinal cord loosely down to S2
91
Describe the attachment of the pia mater
Closely envelopes the spinal cord
92
Location of the subarachnoid space
Between the arachnoid and pia
93
What fluid is in the subarachnoid space?
CSF
94
Space involved for a lumbar puncture
Subarachnoid space
95
Where does the spinal cord end?
L1
96
End of spinal cord structure
Conus medullaris (tapered end)
97
What does the spinal cord become below L1
Collection of spinal nerves + **filum terminale** = **Cauda Equina**
98
Define filum terminale
Cord-like remnant of spinal cord that attaches to sacrum/coccyx)
99
Site for lumbar puncture
L3 - L4/ L4 - L5
100
From where do spinal nerves exit the vertebral column
Intervertebral (neural) foramen
101
Number of cervical nerves and where they exit
8 (first 7 exit ABOVE corresponding vertebra and C8 exits BELOW C7 vertebra)
102
Where do the thoracic and lumbar nerves exit the vertebral column?
Below their corresponding vertebrae
103
Where do the sacral nerves leave the vertebral column?
Foramen of sacrum
104
Number of thoracic and lumbar nerves
Thoracic = 12 Lumbar = 5
105
Number of coccygeal nerves
1
106
Artery for anterior 2/3 of spinal cord
Anterior Spinal Artery
107
Artery for posterior 1/3 of cord
Posterior Spinal Arteries (2)
108
Define radicular arteries
Branches from other arteries that feed into spinal arteries
109
Describe the venous blood supply of the spinal cord
3 anterior and 3 posterior spinal veins that communicate with each other to form internal vertebral plexuses
110
Describe the territory of skin supplied by dermatomes
* Back of head = C2 * Neck = C3 * Shoulder = C4 * Everything else follows its way down * Bum = S5
111
Dermatome of C5
Deltoid region
112
Dermatome for thumb
C6
113
Dermatome for C7
Middle finger
114
Dermatome for C8
Little finger
115
Dermatome for T1
Medial elbow
116
Dermatome for T4
Nipple line
117
Dermatome for T10
Umbilicus
118
Dermatome for L4`
Medial malleolus
119
Dermatome of L5
Foot - 1st webspace
120
Dermatome for S1
Lateral foot
121
Define myotome
Group of muscles supplied by the motor element of the spinal nerve
122
Spnal nerves involved in knee extension
L2 - 3 - 4
123
Myotome for C5
Shoulder abduction
124
Myotome for C6
Elbow flexion/wrist extension
125
Myotome for C7
Elbow extension/wrist flexion
126
Myotome for C8
Finger flexion
127
Myotome for T1
Finger abduction
128
Myotome for L4
Ankle inversion
129
Myotome for L5
Great toe extension
130
Myotome for S1
Ankle eversion or plantar flexion
131
Define deep tendon reflexes
Involuntary muscle contraction in response to stretching of the muscle tendon by tapping it briskly
132
Reflex for nerve root C5 - C6
Biceps
133
Reflex for nerve root C6
Brachioradialis
134
Reflex for nerve root C7
Triceps
135
Reflex for nerve roots L2 3 4
Patellar
136
Reflex for nerve root S1
Achilles

Block H - Movement (7 decks)

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