anatomy Test 2

Question 1

what are the functions of the urinary system?

Answer 1

-excretion of nitrogeneous wastes
-maitenance of water-salt balance in blood
-maitenance of acid-base balance in blood

Question 2

what are the steps of urine formation?

Answer 2

-filtration
-reabsorption of solutes
-secretion

Question 3

what occurs during filtration during urine formation?

Answer 3

-blood pressure forces small molecules from blood capillary into capsule
-creates a filtrate of water, nutrients, salts, and urea

Question 4

what occurs during reabsorption of solutes during urine formation?

Answer 4

-substances move back into blood and out of filtrate
-selective process
-there are numerous mitochondria for active transport
-water follows as salt is reabsorbed

Question 5

what occurs during secretion during urine formation?

Answer 5

-moving substances into filtrate (uric acid, hydrogen ions, ammonia, penicillin)
-helps get rid of harmful substances not filtered

Question 6

how does our body regulate the pH of blood?

Answer 6

-bicarbonate buffer system and regulation of the breathing rate rid the body of CO2
-kidneys secrete a wide variety of acidic and basic substances
-kidneys reabsorb bicarbonate ions and secrete hydrogen ions as needed
(acidic = excreting H ions, bicarbonate ions reabsorbed, basic = H ions not excreted, bicarbonate ions not reabsorbed)

Question 7

how does our body regulate the water-salt balance of the blood?

Answer 7

-regulating osmolarity, nephrons reate a hypertonic urine
-ascending limb pumps out salt and urea into the renal medulla
-water follows osmosis out of collecting duct
-3 hormones involved

Question 8

what are the parts of a nephron?

Answer 8

-nephron capsule
-proximal tubule
-nephron loop
-distal tubule
-collecting duct

Question 9

what is the function of the nephron capsule in the nephron?

Answer 9

-filters blood
-has an inner layer composed of cells allowing easy passage of molecules

Question 10

what is the function of the proximal tubule in the nephron?

Answer 10

-reabsorbs fluid filtered by nephron capsule into bloodstream
-many mitochondria and tightly packed microvilli

Question 11

what is the function of the nephron loop in the nephron?

Answer 11

-concentrates urine
-contains ascending and descending limb

Question 12

what is the function of the distal tubule in the nephron?

Answer 12

-regulating fluid, electrolyte, and pH balances

Question 13

what is the function of the collecting duct in the nephron?

Answer 13

-connects to other nephrons
-delivers urine to the renal pyramid

Question 14

what is the difference between incomplete and complete digestive systems?

Answer 14

-incomplete has one opening where nutrients enter and waste exits (mouth and anus are the same place) ex. hydra
-complete has two separate openings (mouth and anus) ex. human

Question 15

is digestion intracellular or extracellular? why?

Answer 15

-extracellular
-digestive enzymes produced by glands in the the wall of the tract or accessory glands that lie nearby and are released into tract
-food only found in tract, not in accessory glands

Question 16

what are the four macromolecules we eat?

Answer 16

-carbohydrates
-proteins
-lipids
-nucleic acids

Question 17

what are the sources of carbs?

Answer 17

-sugars/starches
-fruits and veggies
-milk
-honey

Question 18

what are the sources of proteins?

Answer 18

-meat
-eggs
-dairy products
-nuts

Question 19

what are the sources of lipids?

Answer 19

-oil
-butter
-whole milk
-cheese

Question 20

what are the sources of nucleic acids?

Answer 20

-DNA
-RNA

Question 21

what is the difference between mechanical and chemical digestion?

Answer 21

-mechanical= physically breaking down nutrients into smaller pieces (ex. chewing, peristalsis)
-chemical= breaking down polymers into monomers, chemically making nutrients smaller

Question 22

how do humans swallow food without choking?

Answer 22

-soft pallate moves up to close the nasal cavities
-epiglottis covers opening to the larynx (aka glottis)

Question 23

what is peristalsis?

Answer 23

-contractions fo the smooth msucle in the digestive tract to move along digestion

Question 24

how does food move through the organs of the digestive tract (order)?

Answer 24

-mouth–> esophagus–> stomach–> small intestine–> large intestine

Question 25

what are the functions of the digestive system?

Answer 25

-ingests food -breaks down food into small molecules that can cross plasma membranes -absorbs nutrient molecules -eliminates indigestible remains

Question 26

small vs. large intestine structure

Answer 26

-small: longer but less wide, villi and microvilli -large: shorter and wider

Question 27

small vs. large functions

Answer 27

-small: digests all molecules and absorbs nutrients -large: absorbs water, salts, and vitamins, stores indigestible material until elimination through anus, large population of beneficial bacteria for breaking down some indigestible material and creating vitamin K

Question 28

what is the relationship between the duodenum, liver, and pancreas?

Answer 28

-duodenum= where acessory glands (aka pancreas and liver) add contents to small intestine -liver adds bile -pancreas adds pancreatic juice -both of these further help digestion

Question 29

what is the role of the pancreas?

Answer 29

-acts as both an endocrine and exocrine gland -endo: secretes insulin and glycagon -exo: secretes pancreatic juice into duodenum

Question 30

what is the role of the liver?

Answer 30

-detoxifies blood by removing and metabolizing poisonous substances -produces plasma proteins -destorys old red blood cells -converts hemoglobin to the breakdown products in bile -prodcues bile -maintains glucose conecntration in blood by storing glucose as glycogen and breaking donw glycogen into glucose btwn meals -produces urea from amino acids and ammonia

Question 31

what does salivary amylase do?

Answer 31

-begins digestion of carbohydrates in mouth

Question 32

what does pepsin do?

Answer 32

-begins protein digestion in stomach

Question 33

what does trypsin do?

Answer 33

-changes proteins to peptides in the small intestine

Question 34

what does peptidase do?

Answer 34

-changes peptides into single amino acids in the small intestine

Question 35

what does lipase do?

Answer 35

-changes fat into glycerol and fatty acids in the small intestine

Question 36

how are carbohydrates digested and absorbed?

Answer 36

-salivary amylase begins digeston in the mouth -additional occurs in the small intenstine as pancreatic amylase breaks down complex carbs into 2 maltase (= 3 glucose) -each glucose enters the epithelia cell of the intestinal villus -reaches blood capillary

Question 37

how are lipids digested and absorbed?

Answer 37

-digestion begins in small intestine where bile salts emulsify fats and lipase breaks down fat into glycerol and fatty acids -lipids packaged as pioprotein droplets call chylomicrons -chylomicrons enter lymphatic system -bile salts nonpolar end binds to fatty acids and separates them as polar ends stik out wich allows absorption into body -monoglycerides absorbed at intestinal villi

Question 38

how are proteins digested and absorbed?

Answer 38

-digestion begins in stomach with pepsin -moves into small intestin where trypsin breaks down protein chains into smaller peptide chains -peptidase breaks down peptised into single amino acids -amino acids enter epithelial cells of intestinal villus and enter blood capillary

Question 39

how are nucleic acids digested and absorbed?

Answer 39

-nuclease found in pancreatic juice added to small intestine contents digests nucleic acids into nucleotides -enter small intestinal epithelial cells and are absorbed into blood capillary

Question 40

how does the urinary system maintain homeostasis?

Answer 40

-all together: maintains perfect conditions for blood and in turn other cells and body -allows for excretion of wastes as kidneys excrete metabolic wastes and interact with circulatory system -intersitial fluid exits circulatory system and watsts are discarded into blood -liver also helps (digestive system), discards food wastes -prevents build up -also maintains water salt and pH balance of blood

Question 41

how does the digestive system maintain homeostasis?

Answer 41

-digesting and absorbing nutrients to get them to cells for easy energy (no energy deficiency) -liver works with kidneys and circulatory system to eliminate metabolic wastes (aka indigestible food)

Question 42

how does mechanical digestion occur in the mouth?

Answer 42

-chewing breaks down food into smaller particles -different teeth designed for different types of food

Question 43

how does mechanical digestion occur in the stomach?

Answer 43

-perastalsis -breaking up food into smaller molecules by contracting smooth musclef

Question 44

how do villi and microvilli make the digestive system more efficient?

Answer 44

-provide a greater surface area in small intestine to absorb nutrients into body