biochemistry test

Question 1

what are the three subatomic particles?

Answer 1

-protons
-neutrons
-electrons

Question 2

protons (location, atomic weight, charge)

Answer 2

-nucleus
-atomic weight of 1
-positive charge

Question 3

neutrons (locatoin, atomic weight, charge)

Answer 3

-nucleus
-atomic weight of 1
-neutral charge

Question 4

electrons (location, atomic weight, charge)

Answer 4

-outer shells of atom
-atomic weight of 0
-negative charge

Question 5

valence shells

Answer 5

-outermost shell in an atom

Question 6

why are valence shells important?

Answer 6

-number of electrons in valence shell determines chemical properties
-also determines how much they can bond/ to how many other atoms

Question 7

ion

Answer 7

-charged atom
-more protons than electrons or vice versa

Question 8

isotope

Answer 8

-atoms of same element that differ in the number of neutrons
-can be unstable, may decay and emit radiation

Question 9

what are the three types of bonds?

Answer 9

-covalent
-ionic
-hydrogen

Question 10

covalent bonds

Answer 10

-two atoms with the same charge bonded
-share their electrons to fill their valence shells
-(NM and NM)

Question 11

ionic bonds

Answer 11

-two atoms with different charges bonded
-steal electrons to fill valence shells
-(NM and M)

Question 12

hydrogen bonds

Answer 12

-slightly positive hydrogen of 1 water molecule attracted to a slightly negative oxygen of another

Question 13

what are the 6 properties of water?

Answer 13

-solvency
-cohesion and adhesion
-high surface tension
-high heat capacity
-high heat of vaporization
-varying density

Question 14

solvency of water

Answer 14

-bc of polarity and hydrogen bonding water is able to dissolve many substances
-“universal solvent”

Question 15

hydrophobic

Answer 15

molecules not attracted to water

Question 16

hydrophilic

Answer 16

molecules attracted to water

Question 17

cohesion of water

Answer 17

ability of water molecules to cling to each other due to hydrogen bonding

Question 18

adhesion of water

Answer 18

-ability of water molecules to cling to other polar surfaces
-makes water great transport system inside and outside of organisms

Question 19

high surface tension of water

Answer 19

-water molecules on the surface cling more tightly to each other than to the air above
-mainly due to hydrogen bonding

Question 20

high heat capacity of water

Answer 20

-hydrogen bonds that link water molecules allow water to absorb heat without changing its temp a lot
-temp of water rises and falls slowly

Question 21

heat of vaporization of water

Answer 21

-takes a great deal of energy (and therefore heat) to break hydrogen bonds for evaporation
-heat is dispelled as water evaporates

Question 22

varying density of water

Answer 22

-ice is less dense than water (floats in water)
-water expands as it freezes (unlike other substances)
-makes life possible in water
-ice acts as an insulator

Question 23

what gives water the 6 special properties?

Answer 23

-its polarity and hydrogen bonds

Question 24

acid

Answer 24

-high hydrogen concentration
-ex. lemon juice, vinegar, coffee
-release hydrogen ions or take up hydroxide ions
-pH < 7

Question 25

base

Answer 25

-low hydrogen concetration -ex. milk of magnesia, ammonia -take up hydrogen ions or release hydroxide ions -pH > 7

Question 26

buffer

Answer 26

-chemical/ chem. combination that keeps pH within normal limits -resitst pH change by taking up excess -ex. pH of blood maintained to 7.35-7.45 by buffer in our body

Question 27

what are the 4 macromolecules?

Answer 27

-carbohydrates -lipids -proteins -nucleic acids

Question 28

carb elements

Answer 28

-carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

Question 29

carb monomer

Answer 29

-monosaccharides

Question 30

carb polymer

Answer 30

-disaccharides -polysaccharides

Question 31

functions of carbs

Answer 31

-main energy source (source of choice)

Question 32

are macromolecules organic or inorganic?

Answer 32

-organic

Question 33

what makes something inorganic vs. organic?

Answer 33

-organic contain carbon and hydrogen -inorganic do not

Question 34

molecular shape of carbs

Answer 34

-linear chain or ring shaped molecules

Question 35

foods carbs are in

Answer 35

-bread -potatoes -rice -corn -pasta

Question 36

lipid elements

Answer 36

-carbon -hydrogen -oxygen

Question 37

lipid monomer

Answer 37

-fatty acids -glycerol

Question 38

lipid polymer

Answer 38

-triglyceride

Question 39

lipid functions

Answer 39

-long term energy -plasma membrane -signaling

Question 40

lipid molecular shape

Answer 40

-4 carbon rings -many different structures -can be chain with bend or tail on end

Question 41

food lipids are in

Answer 41

-ice cream -butter -cheese -oil -lard

Question 42

elements of protiens

Answer 42

-carbon -hydrogen -oxygen

Question 43

monomer of proteins

Answer 43

-amino acids

Question 44

polymer of proteins

Answer 44

-polypeptides

Question 45

functions of proteins

Answer 45

-support -metabolism -transport -defense -regulation -motion

Question 46

protein molecular structure

Answer 46

-long chain of amino acid -4 different levels of structure -largely determined by amino acid sequence

Question 47

foods proteins are in

Answer 47

-meat -beans -nuts -tofu -eggs -milk

Question 48

nucleic acid elements

Answer 48

-nitrogen -oxygen -carbon -phosphorus -hydrogen

Question 49

nucleic acid monomer

Answer 49

-nucleotides

Question 50

nucleic acid polymer

Answer 50

-nucleotides (mult)

Question 51

function of nucleic acid

Answer 51

-storing and transmitting genetic info

Question 52

molecular shape of nucleic acids

Answer 52

-phosphate -sugar -nitrogen base

Question 53

foods nucleic acids are in

Answer 53

-none, genetic info occuring inside you

Question 54

bad things from radioactive isotopes

Answer 54

-can caused cancer

Question 54

good things from radioactive isotopes

Answer 54

-can be used as a tracer inside the human body (ex. PET scan) -can be used to sterilize medical equipment

Question 55

how does the octet rule affect an element's reactivity?

Answer 55

-valence shells want to be full and will react/ bond to achieve that -if they have 4 they can bond with 4 more elements

Question 56

reactants

Answer 56

-molecules that participate in rxns -left side of arrow

Question 57

products

Answer 57

-molecules formed by rxns -right sid eof arroq

Question 58

attributesof a carbon atom that allow it to form many diff. molecules

Answer 58

-total 6 electrons: 4 in valence shell -(means it can bond iwth up to 4 diff elements) -bond with hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and other carbon (most) -forms hydrocarbons (highly versatile)

Question 59

hydrocarbons

Answer 59

-chains of carbon atoms bonded only to hydrrogen -very versatile

Question 60

functional groups

Answer 60

-specific combo of bonded atoms -always have the same chemical properties -always react the same way

Question 61

why are functional groups important?

Answer 61

-reactivity is largely dependent on attached functional groups

Question 62

what are the levels of protein structure?

Answer 62

-sequence of amino acids (1) -alpha helix or pleated sheets (2) -globular shape (3) -more than one polypeptide (not all have it, 4)

Question 63

what are the three classes of lipids?

Answer 63

-fatty acids (triglycerides) -phospholipids -steroids

Question 64

fatty acids/ triglycerides function

Answer 64

-long term energy

Question 65

phospholipids function

Answer 65

-makes up cell membrane (structure)

Question 66

steriods function

Answer 66

-in cell membrane and sends signals

Question 67

what are the three classes of carbohydrates?

Answer 67

-monosaccharides -disaccharides -polysaccharides

Question 68

monosaccharide

Answer 68

-single sugar molecule -ex. glucose -energy choice of cell

Question 69

disaccharide

Answer 69

-two monos bonded -ex. maltose -fermentation

Question 70

polysaccharide

Answer 70

-energy and structure -energy: glucose stored as glycogen for animals -structure: cellulose used in plant cell wall