spring final

Question 1

how do the chemicals in antacids work?

Answer 1

-take up excess H+ ions
-resist change in pH
-act like a buffer to bring stomach’s pH up to a normal level

Question 2

what are the six properties of water?

Answer 2

-solvency
-cohesion and adhesion
-high surface tension
-high heat capacity
-high heat of vaporization
-varying density

Question 3

how does the solvency of water make it important for life?

Answer 3

-universal solvent
-bc of polarity ad hydrogen bonding
-water is able to dissolve any substances

Question 4

how does the cohesion and adhesion of water make it important for life?

Answer 4

-transport of water in body and around globe
-water clings to itself and other molecules really well

Question 5

how does the high surface tension of water make it important for life?

Answer 5

-water molecules cling tighter to each other than air above
-due to hydrogen bonding

Question 6

how does the high heat capacity of water make it important for life?

Answer 6

-hydrogen bonds that link water molecules allow water to absorb heat w/o changing its temp drastically
-temp of water rises and falls slowly

Question 7

how does the high heat of vaporization make it important for life?

Answer 7

-takes a great deal of energy (and in turn heat) to break hydrogen bonds for evaporation
-heat is dispelled as water evaporates
-keeps H2O on earth

Question 8

how does the varying density of water make it important for life?

Answer 8

-ice= less dense than water
-makes life in water possible
-ice acts as an insulator

Question 9

why is a large surface-area-to-volume ratio needed for proper functioning of cells?

Answer 9

-cells need to be able to exchange molecules with their environment efficiently
-more efficient for transporting nutrients into and around cell
-efficient for transporting waste out of the cell

Question 10

why would a cell use active transport?

Answer 10

-needs molecules it already has a lot of
-molecules need ot move against concentration gradient (low–> high)

Question 11

explain the light reactions of photosynthesis

Answer 11

-focused on harvesting energy
-chlorphyll in thylakoid membranes absorbs solar energy, energizes electrons
-ater is oxidized releasing electrons, H+ ions, and oxygen
-ATP is produced from ADP + P w/ the ETC
-NADP+accepts electrons and becomes NADPH

Question 12

why does a fat molecule produce more ATP than a glucose molecule?

Answer 12

-more energy is stored in the bonds of the fat molecules
-this allows them to produce more ATP through the krebs cycle

Question 13

what are the phases of mitosis?

Answer 13

-prophase
-metaphase
-anaphase
-telophase

Question 14

what happens in prophase?

Answer 14

-nucleolus disappears
-nuclear envelope breaks don
-chromosomes are visible
-spindle fibers present

Question 15

what happens in metphase?

Answer 15

-chromosomes aligned at spindle equator
-midway between spindle poles

Question 16

what happens in anaphase?

Answer 16

-sister chromatids separate adn become daughter chromosomes
-pulled to opposite ends of the cell

Question 17

what happens in telophase?

Answer 17

-spindle fibers disappear
-ne nuclear envleope formed around daugter chromosomes

Question 18

what is the significance of checkpoints in the cell cycle?

Answer 18

-prevents from moving forward with mitosis if they are damaged
-check for growth signals and DNA correctness
-prevent them from passing on deformities ot toher cells
-would lead to cancer or other bad diseases
-go through apoptosis if messed up

Question 19

describe the process of DNA replication

Answer 19

-2 DNA strands held together by hydrogen bonds are separated
-each old strand acts as a template for the new strand
-DNA helicase uninds DNA
-new nucleotides are complimentary by DNA polymerase in 3’–>5’ direction
-any gaps/breaks are fixed by DNA ligase

Question 20

describe the process of transcription

Answer 20

-mRNA is formed by RNA polymerase binding to a promoter
-opens up DNA helix just in front of it, complementary base pairing RNA nucleotides
-mRNA processed in the nucleus by adding altered guanine cap, poly-A tial, and splicing extrons together after removing introns

Question 21

describe the process of translation

Answer 21

-initiation: mRNA binds to small ribosomal subunit, large subunit joins
-elongation: peptide chain lengthens one amino acid at a time
-termination: 1/3 stop codons are reached (UAA, UGA, or UAG) release factor binds to it, causes ribosomal subunits and mRNA to dissociate, complete polypetide is released

Question 22

how can natural selection lead to adaptations?

Answer 22

-the fittest survive longer and reproduce more
-pass on favorable traits ot the next generation that make them more fit for the environment
-as this process continues on in succeeding generations, certain traits that are more favorable become more prevalent and eventually become adaptations

Question 23

how does biogeographical information about galapagos finches support the theory of evolution?

Answer 23

-darwin was able to sudy the galapagos finches and notice differences in hem, even though they ere from the same species adn ust distrubuted throughout all the islands
-supports the idea taht a population can adapt and evolve to be better suited to their environments
-exaclty how finches on different islands had slightly different characteristics to be better suited to their island

Question 24

what are bryophytes?

Answer 24

-nonvascular
-do not have true roots, stems, or leaves
-no vascualr tissue
-ex. hornort

Question 25

what are polypodiophytes?

Answer 25

-vascular -large leaves w/ branches veins -larger surface area for photosynthesis -better able to make food, reproduce, and grow -ex. tree fern

Question 26

what are gymnosperms?

Answer 26

-vascular -ovules and seeds are exposed on the surface of a cone scale -nakes seed -reproduce sexually through wind pollination -ex. cycads

Question 27

what are angiosperms?

Answer 27

-vascular -flowering plants -have covered seeds -large successful group of land plants -successful completion of sexual reproduction using pollination and fruit dispersal -ex. apple tree

Question 28

what are the advantages to having tissues, organs, and organ systems that perform specific functions?

Answer 28

-each of the tissues, organs and organ systems have more specialized functions/jobs -are able to do their jobs more efficiently/proficiently -more specialized each thing is, the better it will be at doing its function, maintaining homeostasis, and keeping the organism alive -if one of these has too many functions, something is bound to get neglected

Question 29

use an example in the human body to illustrate how negative feeback mechanism works

Answer 29

-body temp -body's internal temp gets loer than set point= stimulus -makes control center (hypothalamus) trigger nerve impulses to bring it back up to normal -sends signals for blood vessels to pull aay from skin and seat galnds to go inactive until the body temp is back raised to normal

Question 30

what is the link between muscular dystrophy and heart disease?

Answer 30

-your heart is a muscle made of cardiac muscular tissue -if you have a disease affecting you rmuscles it ill affect your heart bc your heart is a muscle -muscle dystrophy makes msucles waste away and become weak -will do the same to your heart and make it susceptible to other diesases and ailments like heart disease or heart attacks

Question 31

trace the path of the blood from the right atrium of the heart to the tissue and back

Answer 31

-blood enters right side of the heart from superior and inferior vena cava--> right atrium--> tricuspid valve--> right ventricle--> pulmonary semilunar valve--> pulmonary trunk --> pulmonary arteries --> lungs --> pulmonary veins --> left artrium --> bicuspid valve --> left ventricle --> aortic semilunar valve --> aorta --> digestive tract, kidneys, legs and trunk -digestive tract: heptatic portal vein --> heptatic vein --> inferior vena cava -kidneys: renal artery--> reanl vein--> inferior vena cava -legs and trunk: artery--> arteriole--> precapillary sphincter--> cappilaries/shunt--> venules--> veins--> inferior vena cava

Question 32

what are the phases of urine formation?

Answer 32

-filtration -reabsorption -secretion

Question 33

describe filtration in urine formation

Answer 33

-blood pressure ushes molecules through capillary to nephron capsule -a filtrate of water, salts, vitamins, and urea is formed

Question 34

describe reabsportion in urine formation

Answer 34

-substances filtered in filtration added back to blood selectively -many mitochondria present if active transport is needed + tightly packed villi

Question 35

describe secretion in urine formation

Answer 35

-more substances added to filtrate -uric acid, ammonia, water, salts, penicillin -water follows thorugh collecting duct

Question 36

trace the pathway of a glucose molecule from when you bite it until it is absorbed into the bloodstream

Answer 36

-starch enters mouth, is chewed (mechanical digestion) and broken don by salivary amylase into maltose -swallowed through esophagus and sent to stomacch -sent into duodenum containing pancreatic amylase -breaks don remaining starch into maltose -maltase breaks don maltose into glucose (molecule that can be absorbed) -glucose enters epithelial cll of entenstinal vllus -enters blood capillary where it is sent to bloodstream

Question 37

explain generation of action potential

Answer 37

-uses difference in charge and gated open channels for generation -axon condducts nerve impulse -causes Na+ channels to open, alloing Na+ ions to flow in -flips the charge from being negative on the inside to more positive than the outside of the axon -Na+ ions flo out of the cell and K+ channels opeen, allowing K+ ions ot flow in -charge is changed back to normal, impulse continues down the axon