Anatomy Week 3 Flashcards by Joanna Lowrie

How many vertebrae are there?

7 Cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
4 coccygeal

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What region are these vertebrae found in: small pedicles and long spinous processes, more vertical facet joints, ROM limited; ribs/vertebrae connections are the long spinouis processes?

Thoracic region

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What region are these vertebrae found in: longer, wider pedicles and the spinous processes are horizontal and more horizontal facet joints 90?

Lumbar region

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What joints stabilise the spinal column whilst allowing movement, have superior and inferior articulations, are synovial joints and have hyaline cartilage?

Facet joints

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What marks the upper cervical region?

C1+2

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What vertebrae has no body and articulates with the occiput of the skull?

C1 - Atlas

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What vertebra has a dens process?

C2 - Axis

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Where is the greatest risk of injury in the spine?

At cervico-thoracic and thoraco-lumbar junctions

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What is responsible for secondary curvature of the spine?

Intervertebral discs

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Name the five ligaments of the spine?

Anterior longitudinal ligament
Posterior longitudinal ligament
Ligamentum flavum - link vertebral laminae
Supraspinous ligament
Intraspinous ligament

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What is the 3 column theory of denis?

1 column injured = stable
2 columns injured = maybe unstable
3 columns injured = unstable

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What is the intermediate muscle of the spine?

Serratus posterior, superior and inferior

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What is the origin and insertion of serratus muscles in spine?

Origin: spinous processes
Insertion: Ribs

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Name the 4 superficial muscles of the spine?

Trapezius
Latissimus dorsi
Rhomboid minor and major
Levatus scapularis

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What is the origin of trapezius, insertion and innervation?

Origin; spinous processes - T12
Insertion: occiput, spine of scapula
Innervation: accessory nerve

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What superficial muscle of the spine elevates and depresses the scapula and retracts the scapula?

Trapezius

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What is the origin, insertion and innervation of latissimus dorsi?

origin: spinous processes and pelvis
insertion: humerus
innervation: C6, C7, C8

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What superficial spine muscle adducts, extends and internally rotates the humerus?

Latissimus dorsi

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What is the origin of rhomboid major and minor?

MINOR: spinous processes C7/T1
MAJOR: spinous processes T2-T5

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What are the insertions of rhomboid major, minor and the innervation too?

Insertions - medial border of scapula

Innervation - dorsal scapula nerve (C3/C4)

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What muscles keep the scapula against the thoracic wall and retract it too?

Rhomboid major and minor

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What are the origin, insertions and innervation of levatus scapularis?

Origin: transverse processes C1
Insertion: superior angle of scapula
Innervation: branches C4/C5

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What superficial muscle elevates the scapula?

Levatus scapularis

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What is the function of the deep muscles in the spine?

Movement of vertebral column and posture

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What are the main deep uscles of the spine?

Erector spinae muscles

What erector spinae muscles are laterally, in between and medially?

Laterally - iliocostalis In between - Longisimus thoracis Medially - spinalis thoracis

What are the origin, insertion and innervation of erector spinae muscles?

Origin: occipit of skull Insertion: pelvis Innervation: posterior rami of the spinal nerves

What are the two parts of grey matter?

Posterior and anterior horns

What are the two parts of white matter?

Ascending and descending tracts

What is the origin of myotomes and dermotomes?

Spinal cord

What are muscles controlled by the motor element of the nerve root from a specific level?

Myotomes

What are skin sensations supplied by the sensory element of the nerve root from a specific level?

Dermatomes

What way are sensory tracts travelling in white matter?

Ascending

What way are motor tracts travelling in white matter?

Descending

Where does the descending crossed pyramidal motor tract cross?

At medullary level and descends spine on contralateral side of cord

What side does an uncrossed pyrimidal descending motor tract travel?

Ipsilateral side and crosses at same level it exits the cord - so exits from the contralateral side

What are two ascending sensory tracts?

Posterior and anterior spinocerebellar tracts

What tracts ascend the spine on the ipsilateral side of cord, enter cerebellum and carry information relating to proprioception?

Posterior and anterior spinocerebellar tracts

What two ascending sensory tracts enter then ascend the spine on the ispilateral side, then cross and ascend the spine on the contralateral side of cord, enter thalamus and carry information relating to pain and temperature?

Lateral and anterior spinothelamic tracts

What are the two ascending sensory tract posterior columns?

1. Fasciculus gracilis of Goll | 2. Fasciculus cuneatus of Burdach

What ascending sensory tracts ascend the spine on the ipsilateral side of cord and carry information relating to fine touch and proprioception?

Fasciculus gracilis of Goll | Fasciculus cuneatus of Burdach

What structures enter the anterior horn of the grey matter and are transmitted via the ventral root to the nerve root then the muscle action?

Descending motor tracts

What do the ventral and dorsal roots join to become?

The nerve root

What do the nerve roots divide to form?

Posterior and anterior rami

What does the posterior rami serve?

Intrinsic muscles of back and the strip of skin sensation in centre of back

Where do anterior and posterior spinal arteries come from?

Descend from the pia | From intracranial part of vertebral artery

What are teh anterior and posterior spinal arteries reinforced at each level by?

Branches from ascending cervical, intercostal and lumbar arteries

What is Batson's venous plexus?

A netword of valveless veins which connect the deep pelvic veins and thoracic veins (draining the inferior end of bladder, breast and prostate) to the internal vertebral venous plexuses

What has serious implications re haematological spread of carcinomas of the prostate/

Batson's venous plexus

Name the two hip flexor muscles?

1. Iliacus | 2. Psoas major

What is the origin and insertion of iliacus?

Origin: iliac crest/inner aspect of ilium Insertion: lesser trochanter of femur

What is the origin and insertion of psoas major?

Origin: transverse processes L1-L5 Insertion: lesser trochanter

Name the two secondary hip flexors

1. Rectus femoris | 2. Sartorius

What is the origin and insertion for rectus femoris?

Origin: AIIS Insertion: tibia via patella tendon

What is the origin and insertion of sartorius?

Origin: ASIS Insertion: Tibia

What are adductor brevis, adductor longus, adductor magnus, pectineus and gracilis?

Hip adductors

What is the common origin of hip adductors and insertion?

Common origin: inferior pubic rami | Insertion: linea aspera, pectineal line, tibia

Name the three hip abductor muscles?

1. Gluteus minimus 2. Gluteus medius 3. Tensor fascia lata

What is the origin and insertion for gluteus minimus/medius?

Origin: iliac wing Insertion: greater trochanter of femur

What is the insertion and origin for tensor fascia lata?

Origin: iliac crest Insertion: lateral tibia via ilitibial tract

Name the main hip extensor?

Gluteus maximus

What is the origin and insertion for gluteus maximus?

Origin: posterior aspect of ileum/sacrum Insertion: iliotibial tract

Name the three hamstring muscles (hip extensors/knee flexors)?

1. Biceps femoris 2. Semimembranosus 3. Semitendinosus

What is the origin of biceps femoris and insertion?

Origin: long head - ischeal tuberosity, short head - linea aspera Insertion: fibula head

What is the origin and insertion for semimembranosus?

Origin: ischial tuberosity Insertion: posterior tibia

What is the origin and insertion for semitendinosus?

Origin: ischial tuberosity Insertion: medial tibia

What knee ligaments resist varus and valgus at the knee joint?

Medial and lateral colalteral ligaments

What knee ligament resists anterior translation and external rotation of the tibia on the femur?

ACL

What knee ligament resists posterior translation of the tibia on the femur?

PCL

What knee structures load transfer, increase femoro-tibial conformity, stabilise knee during movement and lubricate the knee?

Meniscus

Give four factors which may predispose to patellar instability/dysfunction?

1. Genu valgum 2. Femoral head anteversion 3. Weak quadriceps 4. Ligamentous laxity

What four muscles make up the quadriceps muscle?

1. Rectus femoris 2. Vastus intermedius 3. Vastus medialis 4. Vastus lateralis

What is the common insertion for quadriceps?

Tibia via patellar tendon

What is the origin of rectus femoris?

AIIS

What is the origin of vastus intermedius?

Anterolateral prox. femur

What is the origin of vastus medialis?

Medial edge linea aspera | Greater trochanter

What is the origin of vastus lateralis?

Medial edge linea aspera | Lesser trochanter

What four muscles make up anterior compartment of leg?

1. Tibialis anterior 2. Extensor hallucis longus 3. Extensor digitorum longus 4. Peroneus tertius

What neurovascular structures are in anterior compartment of leg?

Deep peroneal nerve | Anterior tibial vessels

What two muscles make up lateral compartment of leg?

1. Fibularis/peroneus longus | 2. Fibularis/peroneus brevis

What neurovascular structures are in lateral compartment of leg?

Superficial peroneal nerve

What 4 muscles are in deep posterior compartment of leg?

1. Tibialis posterior 2. Flexor hallucis longus 3. Flexor digitorum longus 4. Popliteus

What two neurovascular bundles are in deep posterior compartment of leg?

Tibial nerve | Posterior tibial vessles

What 3 muscles are in superficial posterior compartment of leg?

1. Gastrocnemius 2. Soleus 3. Plantaris

What neurovascular structures are in superficial posterior compartment of leg?

1. Medial sural cutaneous nerve

What nerve comes off L4-S2?

Common fibular

Name the three ankle plantar flexors?

1. Gastrocnemius: med & lat head 2. Soleus 3. Plantaris

What is the origin of gastrocnemius med and lateral head?

Femoral condyles

What is the origin of soleus?

Broad area of posterior tibia/fibula

What is the origin of plantaris?

Lateral femoral condyle

What is the common insertion fo the ankle plantar flexors?

Calcaneous via achilles tendon

Name an ankle dorsiflexor?

Tibialis anterior

What is the origin and insertion for tibialis anterior?

Origin: lateral surface proximal tibia Insertion: medial cuniform/base 1st metatarsal

What are the ankle ligaments medially and laterally?

Medially : deltoid ligaments | Laterally : lateral ligament complex

Name two medial arch supporting structures?

Tibialis posterior tendon | Spring ligament

What are the origin and insertion for tibialis posterior tendon?

Origin: posterior proximal tibia/fibula Insertion: navicular/plantar surface of medial cuneiform

What is another term for spring ligament?

Calcaneonavicular ligament

What is the insertion and origin of plantar fascia?

Origin: tuberosity of calcaneus Insertion: heads of metatarsals

Anatomy Week 3 Flashcards

(98 cards)