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Anemias Flashcards

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1
Q

What is anemia?

A

A condition characterized by a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin in the blood.

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2
Q

Fill in the blank: The most common type of anemia is _____ anemia.

A

iron deficiency

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3
Q

What type of anemia is caused by vitamin B12 deficiency?

A

Pernicious anemia, (B12 malabsorption due to intrinsic factor)

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4
Q

Which type of anemia results from the destruction of red blood cells?

A

Hemolytic anemia

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5
Q

What is the primary cause of aplastic anemia?

A

Bone marrow failure leading to insufficient production of blood cells.

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6
Q

True or False: Sickle cell anemia is a genetic disorder.

A

True

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7
Q

Fill in the blank: Anemia of chronic disease is often associated with _____ conditions.

A

chronic inflammatory, infection, cancer

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8
Q

What is thalassemia?

A

A genetic blood disorder characterized by reduced hemoglobin production due to mutations in the globin.

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9
Q

Multiple Choice: Which anemia is characterized by the presence of abnormal hemoglobin S? A) Iron deficiency anemia B) Sickle cell anemia C) Aplastic anemia D) Anemia of chronic disease

A

B) Sickle cell anemia

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10
Q

What is the main symptom of anemia?

A

Fatigue and weakness due to reduced oxygen delivery to tissues.

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11
Q

True or False: Anemia can only be diagnosed through a blood test.

A

True

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12
Q

Fill in the blank: In hemolytic anemia, red blood cells are _____ faster than they can be produced.

A

destroyed

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13
Q

What is the role of erythropoietin in anemia?

A

It stimulates the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow.

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14
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a potential treatment for iron deficiency anemia? A) Blood transfusion B) Iron supplements C) Vitamin B12 injections D) All of the above

A

D) All of the above

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15
Q

What is the difference between microcytic and macrocytic anemia?

A

Microcytic anemia is characterized by smaller than normal red blood cells, while macrocytic anemia has larger than normal red blood cells.

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16
Q

Types of Hemolytic Anemia

A

autoimmune hemolytic anemia, hereditary spherocytosis, g6pd deficiency, sickle cell anemia

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17
Q

Symptoms of hemolytic anemia

A

Elevated bilirubin, jaundice, reticulocytotic, splenomegaly, dark urine

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18
Q

Indication for megaloblastic anemia

A

Vitamin B9, B12 deficiency anemia (megaloblastic anemia): macrocytic, immature rbcs,

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19
Q

Common cause of iron deficient anemia

A

Blood loss (menstruation, gi bleeding), poor diet, pregnancy

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20
Q

Megaloblastic Anemia causes

A

B12 or folate deficiency

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21
Q

Etiologies of Aplastic Anemia

A

Idiopathic, drug-induced (chemotherapy), viral infections, pancytopenia

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22
Q

What type of anemia presents with pancytopenia (low RBSs, WBCs, and platelets)

A

Aplastic Anemia

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23
Q

Chronic inflammation (autoimmune diseases, infections, and cancer) alterns iron metabolism and erythropoiesis. True False

A

True

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24
Q

What are the two main forms of Beta thalassemia?

A

Beta thalassemia major and Beta thalassemia minor.

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25
True or False: Beta thalassemia major usually manifests in infancy.
True.
26
Fill in the blank: Individuals with Beta thalassemia minor are typically __________.
asymptomatic.
27
What is a common indicator of Beta thalassemia?
Microcytic anemia.
28
Which laboratory test is essential for diagnosing Beta thalassemia?
Hemoglobin electrophoresis, Low MCV, normal iron/ferritin
29
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a symptom of Beta thalassemia major? A) Fatigue B) Jaundice C) Hypertension
C) Hypertension.
30
What genetic mutation is primarily responsible for Beta thalassemia?
Mutations in the HBB gene on chromosome 11.
31
True or False: Patients with Beta thalassemia minor require regular blood transfusions.
False.
32
What is the main treatment for Beta thalassemia major?
Regular blood transfusions and iron chelation therapy.
33
Short Answer: Name one potential complication of untreated Beta thalassemia major.
iron overload.
34
Lab indications for Iron Deficient Anemia
Low iron, low ferritin, high TIBC, low % sat
35
Symptoms of IDA
Fatigue, pallor, brittle nails, pica
36
Lab indications of ACD
Low iron, high ferritin, increased CRP/ESP
37
MCV Classification of IDA
Micro
38
MCV Classification of ACD
Norm or mic
39
Vitamin Deficiencies of ACD
Iron sequestrations, possible folate/b12 in chronic illness
40
What is sideroblastic Anemia and symptoms
Defective heme synthesis caused by alcoholism, lead, B6 deficiency Symptoms: Fatigue, iron, overload symptoms
41
Lab indications of sideroblastic anemia
High iron, high ferritin, ringed sideroblasts on marrow, basophilic stippling
42
Is Sideroblastic Anemia microcytic or macrocytic
Micro
43
What vitamin or mineral deficiency is responsible for sideroblastic anemia
B6
44
Lab indications of B12 Deficiency
↑ MCV, ↓ B12, ↑ MMA, ↑ Homocysteine
45
Is B12 deficiency anemia macro or micro
Macro
46
Folate Deficiency Anemia causes/symptoms
Poor intake, alcoholism, malabsorption, pregnancy Symptoms: Fatigue, glossitis, No neuro signs
47
FDA (folate) labs would look like....
↑ MCV, ↓ Folate, ↑ Homocysteine, normal MMA
48
FDA( Folate) is macro or micro?
Macro
49
Pernicious Anemia causes/symptoms
Autoimmune destruction of IF → ↓ B12, Same as B12 deficiency, + gastric atrophy
50
Lab Indications of Pernicious Anemia
↓ B12, ↑ MCV, Anti-IF/parietal cell Abs, ↑ MMA
51
Non-megaloblastic Macrocytic Anemia - causes/symptoms
Alcoholism, liver disease, hypothyroidism Mild fatigue, often incidental finding
52
Lab indications of non-megaloblastic anemia
↑ MCV, normal B12/folate, LFTs abnormal
53
Is non-megaloblastic anemia macro or micro
Macro
54
Vitamin and mineral deficiencies in non-megaloblastic anemia
Folate, Possible B1, B12, B6, Zn (in alcoholism/liver disease)
55
Anemia of Liver Disease causes/symptoms
Cirrhosis, alcohol, hepatitis → ↓ EPO, ↓ folate Symptoms: Fatigue, signs of liver failure, bruising
56
Anemia of Liver Disease Macrocytic or microcytic
Macro
57
Vitamin and mineral deficiencies associated with anemia of liver disease
Folate, B1, B6, B12, zinc, magnesium
58
Anemia of Kidney Disease causes/symptoms
↓ EPO production due to CKD Symptoms: Fatigue, pallor, uremic symptoms
59
Lab Indications of anemia of kidney disease
↓ EPO, normocytic anemia, ↑ Cr/BUN
60
Anemia of Kidney Disease macro or micro
Normocytic
61
Vitamin and mineral deficiencies in anemia of kidney disease
Iron, B12, folate, vitamin D (common in CKD)
62
Anemia of endocrine disease causes/symptoms
↓ marrow stimulation from hormones Symptoms: Fatigue, bradycardia (hypothyroid), others
63
vitamin and mineral deficiencies associated with Anemia of Endocrine Disease
B12, folate, iron, zinc, selenium (esp. in hypothyroidism)
64
Anemia of Malignancy causes and symptoms
Cancer, marrow infilatration, chemo symptoms: fatigue, weight loss, bleeding
65
Anemia of malignancy MCV classification(s)?
Normocytic and microcytic
66
Vitamin and mineral deficiencies associated with anemia of malignancies
Often iron sequestration, plus B12/folate depletion from chemo or poor intake
67
List macrocytic anemias
non-megaloblastic anemias, pernicious anemia, folate deficiency anemia, B12 deficiency anemia,
68
List Microcytic anemias
IDA, ACD(also normocytic), Thalassemia, Sideroblastic anemia, Anemia of malignancy (also normocytic)
69
List Normocytic Anemias
ACD (Also micro), hemolytic, sickle cell, aplastic anemia, akd, Anemia of endocrine disease, anemia of malignancy (also micro)

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