Biochemisty

Question 1

What is the primary function of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP)?

Answer 1

To generate NADPH and ribose-5-phosphate for nucleotide synthesis.

Question 2

True or False: The Pentose Phosphate Pathway occurs in the mitochondria.

Answer 2

False. It occurs in the cytoplasm.

Question 3

Fill in the blank: Glutathione Reductase is an enzyme that helps maintain the _______ state of glutathione.

Answer 3

reduced

Question 4

What are the two main phases of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway?

Answer 4

Oxidative and non-oxidative phases.

Question 5

Which molecule is a key product of the oxidative phase of the PPP?

Answer 5

NADPH

Question 6

What is the role of glutathione in the body?

Answer 6

It acts as an antioxidant, protecting cells from oxidative damage.

Question 7

In a fed state, insulin levels are _______.

Answer 7

elevated

Question 8

What is the effect of glucagon in the fasted state?

Answer 8

It promotes gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis.

Question 9

Which vitamin is essential for folate metabolism?

Answer 9

Vitamin B12

Question 10

True or False: Folate is necessary for DNA synthesis.

Answer 10

True.

Question 11

What is the main carbohydrate source during the fasted state?

Answer 11

Glucose from gluconeogenesis.

Question 12

Fill in the blank: The non-oxidative phase of the PPP produces sugars that can be converted into _______.

Answer 12

glycolytic intermediates

Question 13

Which enzyme is responsible for converting oxidized glutathione to reduced glutathione?

Answer 13

Glutathione reductase

Question 14

What is the primary energy source for tissues during the fed state?

Answer 14

Glucose

Question 15

True or False: In the fasted state, the body primarily relies on fat for energy.

Answer 15

True.

Question 16

What is one consequence of folate deficiency?

Answer 16

Megaloblastic anemia

Question 17

Which pathway is activated by high levels of NADP+?

Answer 17

The Pentose Phosphate Pathway.

Question 18

What is the role of ribose-5-phosphate in the cell?

Answer 18

It is a precursor for nucleotide synthesis.

Question 19

In terms of metabolism, what does the term ‘fed state’ refer to?

Answer 19

The period after eating when nutrients are being absorbed.

Question 20

What is the impact of insulin on glucose uptake in the fed state?

Answer 20

Insulin promotes glucose uptake by tissues.

Question 21

What is the primary molecule that cells use for energy?

Answer 21

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Question 22

True or False: Glycolysis occurs in the mitochondria.

Answer 22

False

Question 23

Fill in the blank: The process of converting glucose into pyruvate is called ______.

Answer 23

glycolysis

Question 24

What are the end products of glycolysis?

Answer 24

2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH

Question 25

Which cycle is primarily responsible for the oxidation of acetyl-CoA?

Answer 25

Krebs cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

Question 26

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is not a product of the Krebs cycle? A) CO2 B) ATP C) Glucose D) NADH

Answer 26

C) Glucose

Question 27

What is the role of NAD+ in cellular respiration?

Answer 27

It acts as an electron carrier.

Question 28

True or False: The electron transport chain is located in the cytoplasm.

Answer 28

False

Question 29

What is the main function of the electron transport chain?

Answer 29

To generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.

Question 30

Fill in the blank: The end product of the electron transport chain is ______.

Answer 30

water

Question 31

What type of metabolism breaks down molecules to produce energy?

Answer 31

Catabolism

Question 32

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a type of anaerobic respiration? A) Lactic acid fermentation B) Krebs cycle C) Glycolysis D) Oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 32

A) Lactic acid fermentation

Question 33

True or False: Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are completely independent processes.

Answer 33

False

Question 34

What is the primary purpose of the pentose phosphate pathway?

Answer 34

To generate NADPH and ribose-5-phosphate.

Question 35

Fill in the blank: The energy investment phase of glycolysis uses ______ ATP.

Answer 35

2

Question 36

What is the term for the totality of metabolic processes in a cell?

Answer 36

Metabolism

Question 37

Multiple Choice: Which molecule is produced during the transition reaction before entering the Krebs cycle? A) Acetyl-CoA B) Pyruvate C) Glucose D) NAD+

Answer 37

A) Acetyl-CoA

Question 38

True or False: The Krebs cycle occurs twice for each glucose molecule that is fully oxidized.

Answer 38

True

Question 39

What is the main product of fermentation in yeast?

Answer 39

Ethanol

Question 40

Fill in the blank: The final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration is ______.

Answer 40

oxygen