Anesthetics and Anesthesia Flashcards
(107 cards)
1
Q
substances which when applied about the nerve
terminals or nerve fibers prevent conduction of both sensory and motor
impulses in axons and dendrites
A
local anesthetics
2
Q
first local anesthetic discovered
A
cocaine
3
Q
characterized by reversible loss of perception of pain or other motor response to stimuli in a local or regional part of the body and is not accompanied by loss of consciousness
A
local or regional anesthesia
4
Q
Types of local anesthesia
A
- Surface or topical
- Infiltration
- Peripheral
- Spinal
- Epidural
5
Q
Surface or topical local anesthesia
A
- Cocaine
- Hexylcaine
- Lidocaine
- Tetracaine
- Cyclomethylcaine
6
Q
local anesthesia directly into skin or deeper structures
A
infiltration
7
Q
area immediately surrounding the nerve or group of nerves
A
peripheral
8
Q
Peripheral anesthetics
A
- Lidocaine
- Mepivacaine
- Bupivacaine
9
Q
into CSF of the spinal subarachnoid space
A
spinal (intrathecal)
10
Q
Spinal anesthetics
A
- Lidocaine
- Tetracaine
11
Q
space of the spinal canal posterior to the end of the
spinal canal
A
epidural
12
Q
Epidural anesthetics
A
- Lidocaine
- Mepivacaine
- Bupivacaine
- Etidocaine
- Chloroprocaine
13
Q
refers to peripheral nerve block, spinal and epidural anesthesia
A
Regional anesthesia
14
Q
Chemical structure of most useful anesthetics has 3 parts
A
- an aromatic ring (lipophilic group)
- an intermediate chain
- amino group
15
Q
Amino ester agents
A
- Procaine
- Chloroprocaine
- Tetracaine
- Cocaine
16
Q
Procraine
A
low potency, short duration of action
17
Q
Chloroprocaine
A
rapid onset of action
18
Q
Tetracaine
A
high potency, long duration
19
Q
Cocaine
A
surface anesthetic, abused drug
20
Q
Amino amide agents
A
- Lidocaine
- Mepivacaine
- Bupivacaine
- Etidocaine
- Prilocaine
- Dibucaine
21
Q
Agents restricted to opthalmological use
A
- Benoxinate
- Proparacaine
22
Q
Dibucaine
A
very potent, long duration of action
23
Q
Prilocaine
A
like lidocaine
24
Q
Lidocaine
A
most versatile, high potency, rapid onset, moderate duration of action
25
mepivacaine
like lidocaine
26
bupivacaine
slow onset, long duration
27
etidocaine
long duration, profound muscular relaxation
28
Agents used to anesthetize less delicate mucous membrane and skin
1. Cyclomethycaine
2. Dimethysoquin
3. Diclolin
4. Hexylcaine
5. Pramoxine
6. Benzocaine
7. Butamben
29
basic functional unit of the nervous system
nerve cells (neuron)
30
Parts of the neuron
1. cell body
2. Dedrite tree
3. Axon
31
Steps in interneuron transmission of a nerve impulse
1. Action potential propagated in presynaptic nerve
2. Transmitter synthesis
3. Transmitter storage
4. Interneuron transmitter breakdown or inactivation
5. Transmitter release
6. Transmitter reuptake
7. Transmitter synaptic degradation
8. Transmitter attachment to postsynaptic receptor
9. receptor – induced increase or decrease in ionic conductance or altered
cellular
32
Neurotransmitters classified into
2 groups
1. Small molecule, rapidly acting neurotransmitters
2. Slowly acting, neuropeptide transmitters
33
widely distributed in the CNS, is inactivated by hydrolysis, presynaptic receptors exist at many nerve terminals in the CNS
Ach
34
hydrolyses Ach
acetylcholinesterase
35
Monoamines (3)
1. Norepinephrine
2. Dopamine
3. Serotonin
36
Amino acids
1. GABA - gamma-amonobutyric acid
2. Glycine
3. Glutamate
4. Aspartate
37
Slowly acting, neuropeptide transmitters
1. Beta endorphin
2. Vasopressin
3. Oxytocin
4. Growth hormone
5. Enkephalin
6. Substance P
7. Somatostatin
8. Cholecystokinin
9. Angiotensin II
10. Neurotensin
38
NE has an ______ distribution in the CNS
uneven
39
NE mechanisms are important in (4)
1. Control of sleep and wakefulness
2. Control of mood
3. Emotional behavior
4. temperature
40
has a role as a precursor in the synthesis of norepinephrine
dopamine
41
largest concentration of dopamine
1. basal ganglia
2. limbic system
42
Dopamine is linked to (3)
1. control of movement (CNS)
2. disturbances of behavior
3. hypothalamic pituitary endocrine system
43
has a major role in the control of spinal and cerebral reflexes
GABA
44
major inhibitory transmitter in the CNS and it is involve in the conduction of convulsions and may also be important in anxiety states
GABA
45
GABA is found in high concentration
1. Brain
2. Spinal cord
46
GABA only in trace amounts
peripheral nerve tissue
47
The actions of glycine seen to be restricted to
1. Spinal cord
2. Lower brain stem
3. Retina
48
exert powerful stimulatory effects in nearly all regions of the brain
1. Glutamate
2. Aspartate
49
Therapeutic benefits of glutamate and aspartate
Inhibition of epilepsy and neurotoxic effects of brain ischemia
50
USES OF ANESTHETICS IN ANIMALS
1. Euthanasia
2. Control of convulsions
3. Elimination of sensibility to noxious stimuli
4. Humane restraint
5. Technical efficiency
6. Specific biomedical research tool (sleep time)
51
In the general continuum of general anesthesia, unconsciousness maybe
with or without somatic and visceral response. The series of events are;
1. alert wakefulness
2. Lethargy
3. Drowsiness
4. Unconsciousness
5. Come
6. Death
52
property known to correlate best with potency of inhalant anesthetic
inhalant anesthetic
53
Inhalation anesthetics are
hydrophobic
54
Inhalation anesthetics act in?
cell membrane lipid layer
55
2 individuals who independently noted that the potency of anesthetics increased directly in proportion to their partition coefficient between olive and water
Overton rule
56
Primary aims of pre anesthetic medication
1. Facilitate handling
2. To calm the animal
3. Relieve preoperative pain
57
Secondary aims of pre anesthetic medication
1. Minimize undesirable reflex automatic nervous system activity
2. Supplement general anesthesia
3. Minimize undesirable post anesthetic reactions
4. Continue treatment of intercurrent disease
5. Prevent infection
58
Major classes of drugs commonly considered for preanesthetic medication
1. Tranquilizers-sedative
2. Hypnotic-sedative
3. Opioid
4. α2 adrenergic agonist
5. Dissociative
6. Combination
7. Parasympatholytic
59
Tranquilizers-sedative
1. Acepromazine
2. Diazepam
3. Midazolam
4. Droperidol
5. Azaperone
60
Hypnotic sedative
1. Pentobarbital
2. Chloral hydrate
61
Opoiod
1. agonist – morphine
2. meperidine
3. agonist – antagonist -
butorphanol
62
α2 adrenergic agonist
1. xylazine
2. detomidine
3. medetomidine
63
Dissociative
Ketamine
64
Combination examples
1. tiletamine plus zolaepam-telazol
2. fentanyl plus droperidol
= innovar
65
Parasympatholytic
1. atropine
2. gylcopyrrolate
66
frequently administered to
produce a calming effect
Tranquilizers (ataractics or neuroleptics)
67
Subclasses of Tranquilizer-sedatives
1. Phenothiazine
2. Butyrophenones
3. Benzodiazepines
68
Phenothiazine uses
1. Antiarrythmic
2. Antihistaminic
3. Antiemetic effects
69
less frequently used but better cardiovascular stability than phenothiazine
Butyrophenones
70
pain and occasional erratic absorption after IM (e.g
diazepam)
Benzodiazepines
71
cause a dose dependent
spectrum of CNS depression, sedation, sleep, anesthesia, coma, and death
Hypnotic-sedatives
72
Common effects of Xylaszine
1. Bradycardia
2. Mild arterial hypertension followed by more prolonged hypotension
3. Hyperglycemia
4. Increased urine volume
73
Important advantages of the use of opioids in preanesthetic period
1. Potent analgesia
2. Good sedation
3. Absence of direct myocardial depression
74
Disadvantages of opioids as a preanesthetic
1. Decrease in intestinal propulsive activity.
2. Depression of medullary ventilatory control centers leading to
hypoventilation.
3. Commonly induce a vagolytic effect so heart rate may also be
decreased.
4. Opioid - induced emesis-may be wanted or unwanted
75
Ketamites causes ______ in cats
state of somatic analgesia
76
Ketamites causes ______ in horse
CNS arousal
77
Improves the reliability of the sedative properties of either drug used
alone without adding further vital organ depression
Telazol (Tiletamine + zolazepam)
78
Reliable sedation and potent analgesia with limited vital organ
depression
Innovar
79
Innovar is countered by
atropine
80
commonly an unwanted effect of innovar
bradycardia
81
Innovar is a drug combinations of
fentanyl + droperidol
82
Common reasons for administering parasympatholytic (anticholinergic ) drugs
1. Reduce upper-airway and salivary secretions ( antisialogogue effect)
2. Counteract reflex bradycardia occurring with opioid use or certain
surgical manipulations.
83
Stage I Induction or stage of voluntary excitement
- consciousness still present
- forcible effort to avoid being anesthetized
- breath holding , but may not be observed in all cases
- fear and apprehension leading to increased respiratory rate and
pulse rate
- papillary dilatation (mydriasis)
- urination and defecation
84
Stage II Stage of involuntary excitement
- loss of consciousness
- reflex response stimuli such as exaggerated limb movement
- pronounced vocalization
- unpredictable degree of violence which bears no relationship with the normal temperament of the animal; some may pass quietly
through this stage
- irregular respiration; sometimes breath holding
- persistent pharyngeal reflex which progressively becomes
depressed
85
as a gas anesthetic, it is colorless with unpleasant smell
Nitrous oxide
86
weak anesthetic used only in combination
with other agents having greater narcotic effect
nitrous oxide
87
Halothane may cause
hepatic dysfunction
88
drug of choice for the control of seizures in dogs and cats
Phenobarbital
89
good choice for control seizures in cats, but not for dogs
diazepam
90
Anticonvulsants that is toxic to cats
Primidone
91
substance which temporarily abolishes the
sensation of pain
analgesic agent
92
substance which produces insensibility from which
simple stimuli produce a temporary arousal
narcotic
93
narcotic agent used to induce sleep
hypnotic
94
narcotic agent which is used to calm a nervous, vicious or excited subject
sedative
95
most sedatives cause
drowsiness
96
substance which produces sedation without at the same time causing drowsiness
Ataractic or tranquilizer
97
tranquilizer used in human beings in the treatment of
psychoses
neuroleptic
98
substance which produces in human beings a feeling of dissociation from surroundings, unconsciousness, catalepsy, vivid dreams and analgesia
dissociative agent
99
used in animals to produce a state of thought resembling anesthesia in which the animal does not show response to stimuli
dissociative agent
100
Plane 1
- irregular automatic breathing
- limb movement stops
- side to side movement of the eyeballs
- disappearance of palpebral, conjunctival and corneal reflexes
- brisk pedal reflex
- may be adequate for minor surgery
101
Plane 2
- laryngeal reflex persists until the middle of plane 2
- eyeballs fixed in the center in the horse, cats sheep, and pigs;
downward in dogs
- pedal reflex becomes sluggish
- progressive muscle relaxation
- adequate for all surgical procedures except abdominal surgery
102
Plane 3
- breathing still automatic but the respiratory rate increases while the depth decreases
- noticeable pause between inspiration and expiration
103
Stage IV. Overdose
- complete paralysis of the thoracic muscles; only the diaphragm functions
- jerky diaphragm movement
- respiratory movement gasping in nature
- wide papillary dilatation
104
Stage I
Induction or stage of voluntary excitement
105
Stage II
Stage of involuntary excitement
106
Stage III
Surgical anesthesia
107
Stage IV
Overdose
