Autonomic Pharmacology

Question 1

resistant to orally administered atropine, but
may be responsive to parenteral administration

Answer 1

horses and cattle

Question 2

sensitive to either oral or parenteral atropine

Answer 2

Pigs, dogs and cats

Question 3

especially resistant to the effects to atropine because of the presence of a high concentration of atropinase

Answer 3

goats and rabbits

Question 4

should not be given to animals
poisoned with OP

Answer 4

Phenothiazine tranquilizers and opiates

Question 5

clinically useful only during the early stages of
poisoning

Answer 5

Pralidoxime (2-PAM)

Question 6

atropine is an antidote of OP which blocks muscarinic effects but not to

Answer 6

nicotinic effects

Question 7

most important antidote to the effects of OP

Answer 7

atropine

Question 8

Some deadly gases of Ops (2)

Answer 8

Diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP), Triorthocresyl phosphate (TOCP)

Question 9

irreversible cholinesterase inhibitors

Answer 9

organophosphates

Question 10

hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia

Answer 10

catecholamines

Question 11

prevent their rapid absorption, to prolong the local action, and to decrease the systematic of local anesthetic

Answer 11

vasocontrictors (such as epinephrine)

Question 12

glycogen phosphorylase

Answer 12

converts glycogen back to glucose

Question 13

2% of the total serotonin in the mammalian body is located within the CNS, especially in

Answer 13

pineal gland and hypothalamus

Question 14

serotonin is chemically known as

Answer 14

5- hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)

Question 15

enterochromaffin cells of the intestine contain % of serotonin

Answer 15

90%

Question 16

hyperglycemia is caused by inhibition of

Answer 16

glucose synthase (uses glucose to make glycogen)

Question 17

drug of choice to relieve the symptoms of an acute hypersensitivity reaction to allergens.

Answer 17

Epinephrine

Question 18

rapidly relieves itching and
urticaria and may save the life of the patient when laryngeal edema threatens suffocation

Answer 18

subcutaneous administration (of epinephrine)

Question 19

Beta adrenergic blockers include:

Answer 19

1. Dichloroisoproterenol
2. Propanolol
3. Timolol
4. Alprenolol
5. Pindolol
6. Nadolol
7. Sotalol
8. Atenolol
9. Metoprolol
10. Butoxamine

Question 20

responsive to antihistamines, but epinephrine is
necessary in the event of a severe reaction

Answer 20

angioedema

Question 21

adrenal medulla as a modified sympathetic ganglion responds to

Answer 21

acetylcholine

Question 21

adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine in response to administration of

Answer 21

nicotine

Question 22

Clinical uses of beta adrenergic blockers

Answer 22

1. Hypertension in humans
2. Reversing digitals-induced arrhythmia
3. Treatment of obstructive cardiomyopathy, a rare disease on dogs and cats
4. Block the effect of excessive epinephrine in pheochromocytoma

Question 23

Clinical uses of alpha adrenergic blockers

Answer 23

1. Cardiovascular shock
   2.Overcome the effect of excessive epinephrine in Pheochromocytoma

Question 24

Alpha adrenergic blockers

Answer 24

1. Ergot alkaloids (ergonovine) 2. Phenothiazine and butyrophenone tranquilizers 3. Tolazoline, Atipamezole and Yohimbine 4. Prazosin

Question 25

Clinical uses of sympathomimetics/ adrenergic

Answer 25

1. Adjunct to local anesthesia 2. Hemostatic - epistaxis in horses 3. Mydriatic – gross dilatation of the pupil 4. Anaphylactic reactions 5. Bronchodilator – expansion of the lumina of the passages of the lungs 6. Local skin allergy 7. Decongestant 8. Cardiac arrest 9. Hypertensive conditions

Question 26

Mixed acting adrenergic drugs include:

Answer 26

1. Amphetamine 2. Methamphetamine 3. Ephedrine 4. Pseudoephedrine ( D-isoephedrine ) 5. Hydroxyamphetamine

Question 27

Muscarinic signs

Answer 27

a. colic b. diarrhea c. dyspnea d. hypotension e. miosis f. excessive secretion

Question 28

nicotinic signs

Answer 28

a. muscle tremors then paralysis b. convulsions c. mania then coma

Question 29

Xylazine, medetomidine

Answer 29

α2 stimulants

Question 30

a1

Answer 30

present in postsynaptic fibers

Question 31

a2

Answer 31

present in both pre and post synaptic fibers

Question 31

dopamine

Answer 31

β1 stimulant

Question 32

Components of nasal decongestants or ophthalmic vasoconstrictors

Answer 32

1. Naphazoline 2. Tetrahydrozoline 3. Phenylpropanolamine

Question 33

beta adrenergic chiefly in heart

Answer 33

B1

Question 34

beta adrenergic present in blood vessels and bronchi

Answer 34

b2

Question 35

Classification of adrenergic receptors

Answer 35

1. alpha adrenergic 2. beta adrenergic 3. dopaminergic

Question 36

Epinephrine (adrenaline) stimulates

Answer 36

both alpha and beta receptors

Question 37

Anticholinergics

Answer 37

atropine, scolopamine, glycopyrrolate

Question 38

Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) is mainly an stimulant of

Answer 38

alpha receptors

Question 39

phenylephrine

Answer 39

alpha stimulant

Question 40

isoproterenol

Answer 40

beta stimulant

Question 41

poisonous substance in certain species of mushrooms

Answer 41

muscarine

Question 42

substance derived from tobacco

Answer 42

nicotine

Question 43

Classification of cholinergic receptors

Answer 43

1. Muscarinic effect 2. Nicotinic effects

Question 44

Ach is not used in clinical therapeutics because of the following reasons

Answer 44

1. Following its administration, it causes too generalized but transient effect. 2. It is so readily hydrolyzed by plasma cholinesterase that it cannot be detected in the plasma following absorption

Question 45

Sympathetic tone maintains

Answer 45

systemic blood pressure

Question 46

Parasympathetic tone maintains

Answer 46

gut motility

Question 47

the major neutransmitter at the postganglionic fibers in the sympathetic division

Answer 47

norepinephrine

Question 48

postganlionic fibers are called

Answer 48

adrenergic fibers

Question 49

transmitter released at the peripheral motor portions of the autonomic nervous system

Answer 49

acetylcholine

Question 50

predominance of one division over the other is called

Answer 50

state of tomus

Question 51

Transmitter of effectors of sympathetic

Answer 51

norepinephrine

Question 52

Ganglionic synapse of parasympathetic

Answer 52

discrete

Question 53

Conservation of energy

Answer 53

parasympathetic

Question 54

Massive discharge of energy

Answer 54

sympathetic

Question 54

Anticholinergics are also called

Answer 54

parasympatholytics

Question 55

ganglionic mediator of both parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves

Answer 55

acetylcholine

Question 56

name 2 amines which derived its name from enterochromaffin cells

Answer 56

serotonin and enteramine

Question 57

hexamethonium

Answer 57

ganglion blockers

Question 58

a. Tubocurarine b. gallamine c. pancuronium d. succinylcholine

Answer 58

neuromuscular blockers

Question 59

hemicholinium

Answer 59

Acetylcholine synthesis inhibitor

Question 60

a. Botulinus toxin b. aminoglycoside antibiotic

Answer 60

acetylcholine release inhibitor

Question 61

Indirect acting cholinergic (cholinesterase inhibitors)

Answer 61

a. Physostigmine b. Neostigmine c. edrophonium d. pyridostigmine e. organophosphates f. carbamates (carbaryl, propoxur)

Question 62

Cholinergic drugs are also called

Answer 62

parasympathomimetics or cholinomimetics

Question 62

Directly acting cholinergic

Answer 62

1. methacholine 2. carbachol 3. bethanechol 4. muscarine 5. pilocarpine 6. arecoline

Question 63

include the action of acetylchloline of the parasympathetic and sympathetic ganglia

Answer 63

nicotinic effects

Question 64

Parasympathetic =

Answer 64

cholinergic

Question 65

Sympathetic =

Answer 65

adrenergic