Angiosperms 2

Question 1

Pollination by water

Answer 1

rare and Pollen floats on the water’s surface drifting until it contacts flowers

Question 2

Wind pollinated species release a ___ amount of pollen

Answer 2

large

Question 3

Most angiosperm species reply on

Answer 3

animals for pollination

Question 4

The ____ of floral morphology is related to the modules of pollination

Answer 4

morphology

Question 5

__ are the most important insect pollinators

Answer 5

bees

Question 6

Coevolution

Answer 6

the joint evolution of interacting species in response to selection imposed on each other

Question 7

The shapes and sizes of flowers often correspond to

Answer 7

pollen transporting parts of their animal pollinators

Question 8

Plants evolve

Answer 8

more elaborate methods to attract animal pollinators

Question 9

Animals evolve

Answer 9

more specialized body parts and behaviors to obtain the reward (nectar, pollen)

Question 10

Darwin’s orchid

Answer 10

Moth-pollinated plant with “nectar spurs” or tubes that are the exact length of the hawkmoth tongue

Question 11

Asexual reproduction results in a

Answer 11

clone of the genetically identical organisms (called vegetative reproduction)

Question 12

Fragmentation

Answer 12

separation of parent plant into parts that develop into whole plants

Question 13

Apomixis

Answer 13

the sexual reproduction of seeds from a diploid cell

Question 14

Asexual reproduction can be beneficial to

Answer 14

successful plants in stable environments

Question 15

Sexual reproduction generates

Answer 15

genetic variation that makes evolutionary adaptation possible

Question 16

Some flowers can _____ to ensure every ovule will develop into a seed

Answer 16

self-fertilize

Question 17

Self-fertilization

Answer 17

pollination occurs in the same flower or between flowers in the same plant

Question 18

Self-compatible is advantageous when

Answer 18

when plants are isolated or pollinators are rare

Question 19

Self-incompatible

Answer 19

pollination of the same or a closely related individual does not lead to fertilization

Question 20

__ of angiosperm species are self-incompatible

Answer 20

50%

Question 21

Self-fertilization is prevented by

Answer 21

genetic mechanisms, and structural mechanisms

Question 22

genetic mechanisms to prevent self-fertilization

Answer 22

Recognition of pollen with identical or near-identical alleles of self-incompatible genes triggers signaling pathways that lead to the blocking of pollen tube growth

Question 23

Structural mechanisms to prevent self-fertilization

Answer 23

incomplete flowers reduce self-fertilization

Question 24

incomplete flowers in self-fertilization

Answer 24

Incomplete flowers lack one or more floral organs,

e.g. stamens or carpels

Question 25

types of incomplete flowers

Answer 25

monoecious and dioecious

Question 26

monoecious

Answer 26

male and female flowers on the same | individual plant

Question 27

dioecious

Answer 27

male and female flowers on different individual | plants

Question 28

Huge adaptive radiation of angiosperms occurred in the

Answer 28

cretaceous

Question 29

How angiosperms have contributed to rapid adaptive radiation

Answer 29

modified xylem vessels, high rate of speciation, and quick reproduction

Question 30

Modified xylem vessels

Answer 30

support higher rates of transpiration, which permits high rates of photosynthesis and growth

Question 31

High rates of speciation

Answer 31

coevolution of plants and pollinators causes rapid divergence between plant populations, leading to speciation.

Question 32

How angiosperms can reproduce so quickly

Answer 32

small female gametophyte with less use of resources; no development of seed storage reserves (endosperm) without double fertilization

Question 33

Rapid reproduction allowed angiosperms to

Answer 33

diversify into short-lived habitats, e.g. annual species that reproduce quickly

Question 34

Ancestors of angiosperms and gymnosperms diverged about ____

Answer 34

305 mya

Question 35

Bennettitales

Answer 35

extinct seed plants with flower-like structures that may have been related to angiosperms

Question 36

amborella

Answer 36

living basal species of flowering plants

Question 37

Amborella traits

Answer 37

mixed pollination, replying on both insect pollinators and wind, Incomplete flowers with parts in whorls of 5-13 (more derived angiosperms have fixed numbers of flower parts), Flowers have undifferentiated petals, Xylem tissue resembles gymnosperms, Egg formation in Amborella resembles that of gymnosperms, Ovules enclosed by two integuments (one in gymnosperms)

Question 38

Angiosperms divided into two main groups

Answer 38

monocots and dicots

Question 39

Monocots form a ____ group

Answer 39

monophyletic group

Question 40

dicots form a ____ group

Answer 40

paraphyletic group

Question 41

Clades of dicots

Answer 41

eudicots (monophyletic), basal angiosperms, and magnoliids

Question 42

Basal angiosperms

Answer 42

less derived and include flowering plants belonging to oldest lineages (<0.1% of angiosperm diversity)

Question 43

three basal angiosperms lineages

Answer 43

Amborella family, including umbrella trichopoda, water-lily family, Star anise and relatives

Question 44

Magnoliids

Answer 44

Evolved after basal angiosperms, 2% of angiosperm diversity, more closely related to monocots and eudicots than to basal lineages

Question 45

____ of angiosperm species are monocots

Answer 45

25%

Question 46

Major families of monocots

Answer 46

orchids and grasses

Question 47

___ of angiosperm families are eudicots

Answer 47

eudicots

Question 48

major families of eudicots

Answer 48

daisies and legumes

Question 49

A eudicot embryo consists of

Answer 49

an embryonic axis attached to two cotyledons (seed leaves)

Question 50

A monocot embryo contains

Answer 50

one cotyledon, and a large endosperm

Question 51

One cotyledon is a _______ trait for clade monocots

Answer 51

shared, derived