Fungi Part 2

Question 1

Chytrids

Answer 1

unicellular, flagelated

Question 2

Zygomycetes

Answer 2

asexual reproduction, most important for dispersal, sexual reproduction via zygosporangia

Question 3

Glomeromycetes

Answer 3

Arbuscular mycorrhiza;

no sexual reproduction

Question 4

Ascomycetes

Answer 4

Short-lived dikaryotic stage;
sexual spores produced in
asci; numerous asexual
spores (conidia)

Question 5

Basidiomycetes

Answer 5

Long-lived dikaryotic mycelium; sexual spores produced in basidia by elaborate fruiting bodies (basidiocarps)

Question 6

Most fungal phyla can be differentiated by

Answer 6

the use of reproductive structures, eocological lifestyles,

Question 7

Molds ecological lifestyles

Answer 7

rapidly growing, asexually reproducing fungi.

Question 8

Molds produce ___ on the surface of organic\ substrates

Answer 8

fuzzy growth of

hyphae

Question 9

Molds are classified when

Answer 9

sexual structures emerge

Question 10

Yeasts

Answer 10

unicellular fungi that inhabit liquid or moist habitats

Question 11

Yeast reproduction

Answer 11

asexually: bud off daughter cells following mitosis

Question 12

molds are found in

Answer 12

in zygomycetes (e.g. Rhizopus) or ascomycetes (e.g.
Penicillium)

Question 13

Yeasts found in

Answer 13

ascomycetes (e.g. Saccharomyces cerevisiae) or

basidiomycetes

Question 14

Mycorrhiza

Answer 14

mutually beneficial (symbiotic) associations between fungi and the roots of vascular plants

Question 15

Mycorrhizal fungi supply plant roots with

Answer 15

water and nutrients, such as phosphorus and nitrogen, from the soil and in return receive carbohydrates from their host

Question 16

Two main types of mycorrhizal

Answer 16

Ectomycorrhiza and Endomycorrhiza

Question 17

Hyphae of _____ surround, but do not penetrate, root cells

Answer 17

ectomycorrhizal fungi

Question 18

Mycelium forms: _______ into surrounding soil.

Answer 18

a dense sheath of hyphae (mantle) over the root; hyphae extend

Question 19

Ectomycorrhizae restricted to

Answer 19

mostly wood plants

Question 20

most common type of endomycorrhizae

Answer 20

arbuscular mycorrhiza

Question 21

arbuscular mycorrhiza hyphae

Answer 21

• Hyphae penetrate through cell walls of root cells, forming invaginations of the root cell membrane
• provide a large surface area for nutrient exchange

Question 22

arbuscular

Answer 22

branched hyphal structures in arbuscular mycorrhiza

Question 23

arbuscular mycorrhizae form a _____ group

Answer 23

monophyletic

Question 24

Ecological roles of Fungi

Answer 24

decomposers, mutualists, pathogens

Question 25

Saprotrophic nutrition

Answer 25

Saprotrophic nutrition is the chemoheterotrophic extracellular digestion of dead or waste organic matter

Question 26

Decomposers break down complex organic compounds into

Answer 26

inorganic mineral forms

Question 27

Fungi are critical to the cycling of

Answer 27

carbon and nitrogen, converting dead organic | matter back into ammonium (NH4+), CO2, and water.

Question 28

The most abundant dead organic matter in soils is from

Answer 28

plant tissues: cellulose and lignin

Question 29

Hyphal growth of fungi is adapted to

Answer 29

searching through soil for plant matter

Question 30

“Fairy rings” result from

Answer 30

- outward growth of decomposer mycelia - Release of nutrients from fungal decomposition of soil detritus at the outer edge of the mycelium ring stimulates plant growth

Question 31

Fungi have repeatedly evolved mutually beneficial relationships with

Answer 31

plants, algae, cyanobacteria, and animals

Question 32

fungal endophytes

Answer 32

Plants host harmless symbiotic fungal endophytes, fungi that live in the intercellular spaces of leaves or other plant tissues.

Question 33

How the relationship between fungal endophytes and plants are mutualistic

Answer 33

- Endophytes enhance the health and survival of the host plant - Endophytes often produce toxins that deter herbivores and defend against pathogen infections - The endophyte receives organic carbon from the plant host

Question 34

Most endophytes are

Answer 34

Ascomycetes

Question 35

Lichen

Answer 35

a mutually beneficial (symbiotic) association between a | photosynthetic microorganism and a fungus.

Question 36

Lichens appear, function, and even reproduce as _____

Answer 36

single organisms

Question 37

___________ occupy an inner layer below the lichen | surface

Answer 37

algae or cyanobacteria

Question 38

Algae provide _____ compounds; nitrogen-fixing | cyanobacteria also provide ______ (algae and cyanobacteria in lichen)

Answer 38

organic carbon | organic nitrogen

Question 39

Fungi provide for cyanobacteria in lichen:

Answer 39

an environment for photosymbiont growth (protection, | free from competition, fungal mycelia retains water and minerals).

Question 40

Asexual reproduction of lichen

Answer 40

Asexual reproduction is by fragmentation or formation of soredia, small clusters of hyphae containing embedded algae

Question 41

Lichens aid in the breakdown of

Answer 41

rock, volcanic flows, and burned forests

Question 42

How lichens help with breaking down stuff

Answer 42

Lichen secretes weak acids that degrade the substrate The swelling of hyphae in cracks promotes fracturing of rock. Lichens trap windblown particles

Question 43

Powdery mildews

Answer 43

fungi that coat leaves and fruits by penetrating cells with special hyphae

Question 44

Ergot

Answer 44

- Ergot replaces seed with its own mycelium mass that produces alkaloids that can cause ergotism in humans and other mammals when contaminated grains are consumed. − Ergots alkaloids include lysergic acid derivatives, which are similar to psychedelic drugs (LSD), that effect circulation and neurotransmission

Question 45

Dutch elm disease

Answer 45

- was accidentally introduced into North America in ~1930s in imported elm wood - Ascomycete fungi - tree blocks it's xylem

Question 46

Blue-stain fungus

Answer 46

- spread by mountain pine beetle | - fungus kills the pine tree by clogging and destroying the tree’s vascular tissues

Question 47

mycosis

Answer 47

- a fungal infection of animals or humans - a cutaneous fungal infection occurs on the outer layer of the skin (fungus can enter the system after traumatic injury to the skin)

Question 48

Systemic fungal infections

Answer 48

occur when a fungal pathogen spreads widely inside the host’s body to many organs

Question 49

Histoplasmosis

Answer 49

- fungus grows in soil contaminated with bird or bat droppings - Disturbing the substrate leads to inhalation of conidia spores - primarily effect the lings