Phungi part 1

Question 1

Molecular phylogeny places fungi in the ____ which also includes animals

Answer 1

Opisthokonts

Question 2

Fungi and animals’ common ancestor was a

Answer 2

protist that was singe celled with a posterior flagella

Question 3

Fungi function in soil

Answer 3

breakdown organic material and recycle nutrients

Question 4

Shared derived traits of fungi

Answer 4

absorptive nutrition, hyphae and mycelia, chitinous cell wall

Question 5

Absorptive nutrition

Answer 5

Fungi are absorptive heterotrophs

Question 6

Fungi are ____ eukaryotes

Answer 6

chemoheterotrophs

Question 7

Fungi feed by

Answer 7

absorption of nutrients from outside of their body (absorptive heterotrophs).

Question 8

exoenzymes

Answer 8

enzymes secreted by Fungi to break down complex molecules into smaller organic compounds (external digestion)

Question 9

Fungi can digest __ from animals and ____ from plants

Answer 9

chitin and keratin from animal tissues, cellulose and lignin from plant tissues

Question 10

After external digestion, fungi will absorb

Answer 10

Simple organic molecules (e.g. sugars, amino acids)

Question 11

Fungi use ____ to obtain food in their environment

Answer 11

growth (they are non-motile)

Question 12

hyphae

Answer 12

numerous cylindrical, branched, thin (one cell thick), filled with cytoplasm and organelles multicellular filaments that absorb nitrients

Question 13

Mycelium

Answer 13

network of branched hyphae adapted for absorption formed by hyphae when fungi encounter a food source

Question 14

Examples of fungi that do not make mycelia

Answer 14

Single-celled fungi (yeasts) live in moist, nutrient-rich environments

Question 15

Mycelium’s filamentous structure maximizes

Answer 15

its surface area / volume ratio (better for food absorption and enzyme secretion)

Question 16

Chitin

Answer 16

a glucosamine polymer (a strong and flexible material)

Question 17

Hyphae are protected by walls made of

Answer 17

Chitin

Question 18

The earliest fungal lineages are

Answer 18

(coenocytic) aseptate

Question 19

Coenocytic fungi hyphae

Answer 19

The hyphae of coenocytic fungi form a continuous compartment, with many nuclei but with no dividing cell walls.
Thus, they are continuous cytoplasmic mass with
thousands of nuclei.

Question 20

After coenocytic fungi came

Answer 20

septa formation

Question 21

Septa formation

Answer 21

• a (cross-walls) that divide the cytoplasm into separate
  cells.
• The majority of fungi species are septate.
• Pores allow cell-to-cell movement of
  water and solutes.
• Septate fungi have single nuclei per cell.

Question 22

Fungi reproduce by

Answer 22

producing vast numbers of spores

Question 23

Fungal spores are produced by

Answer 23

mitosis and meiosis

Question 24

Fungal mycelia are___ that produce ___spores that grow to produce hyphae

Answer 24

1n

1n

Question 25

Spores are dispersed by

Answer 25

wind, water, animals

Question 26

During sexual reproduction, many fungi produce spores within _____ that enhance spore dispersal.

Answer 26

multicellular fruiting bodies

Question 27

heterokaryotic stage

Answer 27

A stage where there are genetically distinct haploid nuclei in one cell

Question 28

plasmogamy

Answer 28

cell fusion

Question 29

karyogamy

Answer 29

nuclear fusion

Question 30

Fungal nuclei are ___ except for ____ stages

Answer 30

haploid (1n) | transient diploid stages formed during the sexual life cycles

Question 31

Monokaryotic

Answer 31

single, identical nuclei

Question 32

separate hyphae are ___karyotic

Answer 32

monokaryotic

Question 33

homokaryotic

Answer 33

multiple identical nuclei

Question 34

Coenocytic hyphae are

Answer 34

homokaryotic

Question 35

Sexual reproduction requires

Answer 35

the fusion of hyphae from different mating types

Question 36

Plasmogamy

Answer 36

the union of cytoplasms from two-parent mycelia

Question 37

heterokaryon

Answer 37

haploid nuclei that exist in a cell before they fuse

Question 38

Separate fungi

Answer 38

the haploid nuclei pair off two per cell during mitosis | forming a dikaryotic mycelium

Question 39

Kayogamy

Answer 39

nuclear fusion where haploid nuclei fuse to form a diploid cell (zygote), does not happen fast (can take centuries before it happens)

Question 40

The diploid undergoes meiosis and produces:

Answer 40

haploid spores

Question 41

____ allows mating and spore production to occur at optimal times

Answer 41

Separation of plasmogamy and karyogamy

Question 42

Do fungi show alternations of generations?

Answer 42

no

Question 43

What produces genetic variation

Answer 43

Karyogamy and meiosis

Question 44

Do fungi have gametes?

Answer 44

no

Question 45

How is a zygote formed

Answer 45

by the fusion of regular haploid nuclei

Question 46

Fungi can reproduce asexually by

Answer 46

- Fragmentation: fragments of hyphae can grow into new mycelia. − Budding: unicellular yeasts reproduce asexually by budding

Question 47

Asexual spores

Answer 47

form visible mycelia and produce haploid asexual spores by mitosis

Question 48

Do molds and yeasts have no sexual stages?

Answer 48

no

Question 49

Opishokonts clade

Answer 49

fungi, animals, and related protists

Question 50

Unicellular nucleariids and unicellular choanoflagellates show that

Answer 50

multicellularity arose separately in animals and fungi

Question 51

Kingdom fungi is a ____ group

Answer 51

monophyletic

Question 52

The ancestor of fungi was

Answer 52

an aquatic, single-celled, flagellated protist

Question 53

Phyla of fungi

Answer 53

``` - Chytrids (phylum Chytridiomycota) − Zygomycetes (phylum Zygomycota) − Glomeromycetes (phylum Glomeromycota) − Ascomycetes (phylum Ascomycota) − Basidiomycetes (phylum Basidiomycota) ```

Question 54

Chytrids

Answer 54

- first diverging group of fungi, paraphyletic group, - Found in aquatic or moist habitats; some in soil, estuaries, or on/inside digestive tract of animals - unicellular; others form coenocytic thalli (body) , usually with no true mycelium (only some form hyphae) - having motile flagellated asexual spores, called zoospores - decomposers, parasites, or mutualists - cell walls made of chitin and utilize external digestion

Question 55

Zygomycetes

Answer 55

- produce hyphae without septa - A paraphyletic group with <1% diversity of fungi - fast-growing molds, parasites, and commensal symbionts

Question 56

Zygosporangia

Answer 56

- the site of karyogamy and then meiosis | - resistant to freezing and drying can survive unfavourable conditions

Question 57

Glomeromycetes

Answer 57

- form symbiotic relationships with the roots of plants - Monophyletic group of low diversity - reproduce via asexual soil spores

Question 58

ecological importance of glomeromycetes

Answer 58

form arbuscular mycorrhiza (endomycorrhiza) with >80% of plant species.

Question 59

Dikarya fungi

Answer 59

- form seperate hyphae following plasmogamy - Dikarya includes all edible mushrooms; yeast species used for bread, beer, and cheese production; major wood-rotting fungi; and pathogens of crops and humans

Question 60

Two monophyletic Dikarya groups

Answer 60

Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes

Question 61

Dikarya fungi during heterokaryotic stage

Answer 61

produce dikaryotic cells (n + n) that contain two haploid | nuclei, one from each parent

Question 62

Ascomycetes

Answer 62

the dikaryotic stage is short-lived

Question 63

Basidiomycetes

Answer 63

the dikaryotic stage is often long-lived and dominate the mycelium

Question 64

Ascomycetes

Answer 64

- Found in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats. − Vary in size from unicellular yeasts to those forming elaborate, multicellular fruiting bodies - wood-rotting fungi (decomposers), many ectomycorrhizal species, plant and animal pathogens, the fungal partner in most lichens, and baking/brewing yeasts

Question 65

Ascomycetes are defined by

Answer 65

the production of sexual spores in saclike asci contained in fruiting bodies

Question 66

How ascomycetes reproduce

Answer 66

asexually by enormous numbers of asexual spores called conidia

Question 67

Concodia

Answer 67

asexual spores in ascomycetes

Question 68

Conidia are formed

Answer 68

produced asexually at tips of specialized hyphae called conidiophores

Question 69

Basidiomycetes

Answer 69

familiar toadstools, puffballs, shelf fungi, ectomycorrhizae, and plant pathogens

Question 70

The life cycle of basidiomycetes usually includes

Answer 70

long-lived dikaryotic mycelium

Question 71

Basidiomycetes are defined by

Answer 71

club-like structures called basidia, transient diploid stages in the life cycle (“club fungi”)

Question 72

Basidiomycete mycelia reproduce by

Answer 72

sexually in response to environmental stimuli by producing elaborate, multicellular fruiting bodies, basidiocarps

Question 73

Basidiocarps

Answer 73

multicellular fruiting bodies produced by Basisiomycete

Question 74

Gills

Answer 74

thin vertical sheets of mycelia contained in basidiocarp

Question 75

Gills are lined with

Answer 75

millions of basidia