Diversity of Protists

Question 1

4 groups of protists

Answer 1

excavate, SAR, Archaeplastida, Unikonta

Question 2

Excavata

Answer 2

include unicellular protists with modified mitochondria and protists with unique flagella

Question 3

Excavates traits

Answer 3

unicellular, predatory and photosynthetic forms, parasites for humans, share characteristic cytoskeleton morphology, have a feeding groove, some have euglenozoans, many have modified mitochondria

Question 4

euglenozoans

Answer 4

unique flagella structures

Question 5

Three clades included in Excavata

Answer 5

diplomands, parabasalids, and Euglenozoans

Question 6

Diplomonads and Parabasalids traits

Answer 6

unicellular, heterotrophic, flagellated, lack plastids, have modified mitochondria, live in anaerobic environments

Question 7

Euglenozoans

Answer 7

− Includes predatory heterotrophs,
photoautotrophs, and parasites.
− Clade characterized by spiral or
crystalline rod of unknown function
inside flagella

Question 8

Examples of Eulenozoans

Answer 8

Kinetoplastids and Euglenids

Question 9

Kinetoplastids

Answer 9

have single mitochondrion containing a large mass of DNA called a kinetoplast

Question 10

Euglenids

Answer 10

have one or two flagella that emerge from a pocket at one end of the cell, and some are mixotrophs

Question 11

SAR group

Answer 11

a monophyletic group originating likely from endosymbiosis of a photosynthetic red algae

Question 12

_____ protists dominate eukaryotic diversity in the oceans

Answer 12

SAR

Question 13

Major subclades of SAR

Answer 13

Stramenopiles, Alveolates, and Rhizarians

Question 14

stramenopiles

Answer 14

Photosynthetic organisms including: diatoms, brown algae, and oomycetes

Question 15

Many stramenopiles are:

Answer 15

unicellular flagellates or produce flagellates in at least part of their life cycles

Question 16

Diatoms

Answer 16

highly diverse unicellular algae that are major components of marine phytoplankton generate 20-50% of the global oxygen, are surrounded by a unique two-part glass-like wall of silica, and usually reproduce asexually

Question 17

Stramenopiles

Answer 17

largest and most complex algae, brown algae, multicellular seaweeds, kelps, cell wall consists of polysaccharides cellulose and alginic acid, lack roots/stems/leaves

Question 18

Similarities between plants and algae are ___

Answer 18

analogous structures

Question 19

The lifecycle of most brown algae involves

Answer 19

alternation of generations

Question 20

Oomycetes

Answer 20

filamentous, heterotrophic stramenopiles that can reproduce sexually and asexually

Question 21

Most oomycetes are:

Answer 21

decomposers or parasites

Question 22

Oomycetes have filaments called ____ that facilitate nutrient uptake

Answer 22

hyphae

Question 23

Alveolates

Answer 23

characterized by membrane-bounded sacs called alveoli, which forms a continuous layer under the plasma membrane

Question 24

Examples of alveolates

Answer 24

dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, and ciliates

Question 25

Dinoflagellates

Answer 25

have two flagella and the alveoli support overlapping plates; include aquatic photoautotrophs, chemoheterotrophs, and mixotrophs

Question 26

Apicomplexans

Answer 26

parasites of animals and some cause serious human disease

Question 27

Sporozoites

Answer 27

Infectious cells spread by alveolates

Question 28

Apicomplexans have an ____ that contains a complex of organelles specialized for penetrating host cells and tissues

Answer 28

apex

Question 29

Lifecycle stages in apicomplexans

Answer 29

Most apicomplexans have sexual and asexual stages that require two or more different host species to complete their life cycle

Question 30

Plasmodium

Answer 30

An apicomplexan that causes malaria

Question 31

Ciliates

Answer 31

a group of protists that use cilia to move and feed, are heterotrophs that feed on bacteria and protists by phagocytosis, and reproduce asexually but use conjugation to exchange haploid miconuclei

Question 32

Rhizarians

Answer 32

mostly unicellular protists defined by DNA similarities,

Question 33

Rhizarians have no ___ characteristics

Answer 33

morphological

Question 34

Most Rhizarians are

Answer 34

amoebas (protists that move and feed by extending and retracting pseudopodia, extensions of the cell surface) which are not a monophyletic group

Question 35

Archaeplastida

Answer 35

a photosynthetic supergroup that includes red algae, green algae, and land plants.

Question 36

Archaeplastida have cell walls composed of ______

Answer 36

cellulose

Question 37

Algae

Answer 37

photoautotrophic eukaryotes that are not members of the Kingdom Plantae

Question 38

Algae form a ____ group

Answer 38

polypheletic

Question 39

Algae include:

Answer 39

single-celled protists (diatoms and dinoflagellates) and multicellular forms (kelps and seaweeds)

Question 40

Red algae

Answer 40

multicellular marine seaweeds that reproduce sexually, reddish in colour due to a photosynthetic accessory pigment (phycoerythrin)

Question 41

Green Algae

Answer 41

Green pigments in chloroplast make algae green, with two main groups: chlorophyte and charophytes, most living in freshwater

Question 42

Unikonta

Answer 42

heterotrophic protists that are closely related to fungi and animals

Question 43

Unikonta includes two clades:

Answer 43

ameobozoans and Opisthokonts

Question 44

Most unikont protists have a ________ or are amoebas with no _____

Answer 44

single emergent flagellum, flagella

Question 45

Amoebozoans

Answer 45

a diverse group of amoeba that have lobe- or tubeshaped, rather than threadlike, pseudopodia.

Question 46

Amoebozoans have a very flexible body shape that:

Answer 46

move by extending blunt lobes (pseudopodia) and feed by phagocytosis

Question 47

Amoebozoans include

Answer 47

Slime molds, tubliinids, and entamoebas

Question 48

Two lineages in slime molds

Answer 48

plasmodial slime molds and cellular slime molds

Question 49

Plasmodium

Answer 49

Plasmodial slime molds form a mass

Question 50

Tubulinids

Answer 50

amoebozoans with lobe- or tube-shaped pseudopodia common in the soil as well as freshwater and marine environments

Question 51

Entamoebas

Answer 51

pseudopodia-forming, intestinal | parasites of vertebrates and some invertebrates