animal cells and tissues Flashcards
(17 cards)
Organization of life (true to both plants and humans) (5)
- Specialized cell (stemming from meristem in plants and stem cells in animals)
- Tissues (a group of similar structure specialized cells or similar function specialized cells)
- Organs (a group of tissues working together to perform a specific function)
- Systems (a group of organs working together to perform a specific task)
- Organism
Cell specialization? (What is it?)
-Cell specialization goes hand in hand with mitosis and cell differentiation
-The growth/duplication of meristem or stem cells (by mitosis, [creating identical cells from a cell])
→ cell differentiation (a process that specializes cells, by turning off and on certain genes to create different proteins) (THIS PROCESS IS OFFICIALLY NAMED AS “transcription factors”)
→ created a specialized cell because this cell does a specific function due to it creating different proteins
What influences specialized cells to come to be? (Factors that influence specialized cells) (3)
- The content of the cell’s cytoplasm (difference in cytoplasm = different organelles = different functions being done)
- Environmental factors/conditions (ie: temperature) [How? Affects the presence or absence of nutrients, some enzymes active in high temperatures, while others do not]
- The influence of neighboring cells (Cells close together = substances produce by one cell and diffuse into another)
Abnormal Production of Cells (What does it result in?)
-> Cancer
-> Mutations
What factors influence the abnormal production of cells? (What influences a cell to divide more often) (4)
- Chemical contaminants
- Temperature change
- Diseases
- Parasites
How are tissues created? (How do specialized cells group together and work together?)
- All cells have genes
(These genes are turned off and on, by the factors that influence cell specialization)
(Creating a specialized cell) - The process continues with time, as these specialized cells go through mitosis, creating the same type of specialized cell.
- These cells eventually become a “mature cell,” stopping its division (due to the cell cycle [stuck in interphase]) BUT, continuing its function.
TAKEAWAY: Tissues are groups of mature cells doing its function, these mature cells are specialized cells, therefore tissues are groups of specialized cells.
What are the 4 types of tissues that are present in animal cells in different organs and systems?
- Epithelial tissue (Skin/outer lining of the body)
-Muscle tissue (changes in shape and length for movement)
-Nervous tissue
-Connective Tissue
What are the functions of these 4 tissues? (Additionally, what type of cells are in these tissues, what are those cells functions OR descriptions?)
- Epithelial tissue (Covers the internal organs and the environment, protection and helps prevent dehydration)
→ Skin epithelia
(Thin flat cells that form sheets of SEMI-PERMEABLE barriers between the outside environment and internally)
→ Columnar epithelia (Lining of small intestine, stomach and glands)
(Secretes mucus for protection)
(Has cilia)
-Muscular tissue (Used in movement, by shortening or lengthening)
→ Skeletal muscle (tissue looks like strips) (attached to bones) (found in limbs needing support: arms, legs, etc)
→ Smooth muscle (tapered at both ends, not stripped) (found in blood vessels and walls of internal organs) (Contracts slowly, sustaining itself for a long time)
→ Cardiac muscle (Cells whose nuclei are clearly visible, similar look to muscular tissue) (Contracts as a unit) (ONLY FOUND IN HEART)
-Nervous tissue
→made up of neurons
→ Sensory system, coordinates body actions according to the environment
-Connective tissue (Strengthen, supports, protects and binds cells and tissues together)
→ Bone (movement) (surrounded by harden calcium, and a there is a network of blood vessels in the calcium shell)
→ Adipose tissue (fat) (largely packed cells, underneath skin and organs) (storage of energy and used for insulation)
→ Blood (RED BLOOD CELLS, WHITE BLOOD CELLS, PLATELETS, AND PLASMA)
(Red blood cells: gas exchange)
(White blood cells: bacteria control)
(Plasma: The liquid of the blood contains the nutrients)
(Platelets: prevention of blood clots)
What are the 6 medical procedures to detect issues inside our bodies?
- X-ray
- MRI (Magnetic resonance imaging)
- CT scan
- PET scan (Positron emission tornography)
- Ultrasound
6/ Endoscopy
Function and 2 pros and 2 cons of X-RAY
-> Electromagnetic radiation to produce a 2d image
Pros: Cheap and easily accessible
Cons: Only 2D image and cannot detect SOFT TISSUES.
Function and 2 pros and 2 cons of MRI
-Magnetic fields and radio waves producing real-time imaging
Pros: No radiation, and can see all types of tissues
Cons: Very expensive
Function and 2 pros and 2 cons of CT
-Many x-ray photos taken at once forming a 3d image
Pros: Can detect soft tissue and is in 3D
Cons: A lot of radiation, 100x more than x-ray
Function and 2 pros and 2 cons of PET scan
-Use of GAMMA rays
-tells you if your organs are functioning properly, and used often to detect cancer
Pros: 3D and detects cancer
Cons: Radiation (but less) and is expensive
Function and 2 pros and 2 cons of ultrasound
-Use of echos waves wavelengths produces images both in 3D and 2D
Pros: No radiation
Con: low resolution
What is an endoscopy?
-A long tube put into a person orally or in the anus to detect an ulcer
-Tube is flexible and has a camera attached inside
What are stem cells (slightly different from meristem cells)
-> Unspecialized animal cells that have the potential to produce specialized cells
What is the human fetus flowchart (4 main steps)
Fertilized egg (sperm and egg) → early embryo (totipotent cells) → Embryo at 5 days (pluripotent cells) → Human fetus
Totipotent: cells with the ability to become any tissue (also known as embryonic)
Pluripotent: Cells with the ability to only become part of the 1. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM, 2. IMMUNE SYSTEM, 3. NERVOUS SYSTEM
With time, pluripotent cells become adult stem cells (after birth) where cells can only repair and produce cells of the function they were previously doing.
