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Animal Science Notes > Animal Nutrition & Growth: Feedstuffs, Nutrients, Nutrition for Monogastrics and Ruminants > Flashcards

Animal Nutrition & Growth: Feedstuffs, Nutrients, Nutrition for Monogastrics and Ruminants Flashcards

1
Q

Energy feeds characteristics

A

Grains
- High in energy
- Low in protein
Example:
Corn- Energy = 100%
Protein =7.1-10%

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2
Q

Types of Grains

A

Corn, barley, molasses, milo, oats, wheat

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3
Q

Roughages characteristics

A
  1. High in fiber
  2. Low in protein
  3. Low in energy
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4
Q

Types of roughages

A

Silage, grass, corn silage

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5
Q

Forages Characteristics

A
  1. High in fiber
  2. High in protein
  3. Low in energy
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6
Q

Types of forages

A

Hay, Alfalfa

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7
Q

Fats & Oils characteristics

A
  1. Contain 2.25 times more energy than carbs
  2. Added in feed to supply: energy, dust control, essential fatty acids
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8
Q

Types of fats and oils

A

Animal fats and plant oils

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9
Q

Protein feeds characteristics

A
  1. Protein concentrates
    - High in protein
    - low in energy
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10
Q

Types of protein feeds

A
  1. Vegetable Oil: soybean meal, cottonseed meal, linseed meal
  2. Animal protein: meat meal, fish meal - causes fishy odor
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11
Q

What are the 4 types of feedstuffs?

A
  1. Energy feeds
  2. Roughages and forages
  3. Fats and oils
  4. Protien feeds
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12
Q

What are the 6 nutrients?

A
  1. Water
  2. Carbohydrates
  3. Fats
  4. Proteins
  5. Minerals
  6. Vitamins
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13
Q

Water

A
  • Most important nutrient
  • Universal solvent
  • Most available nutrient
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14
Q

Carbohydrates

A
  • Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
  • Starch primary source
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15
Q

Fats (lipids)

A
  • More carbon and hydrogen
  • 2.25 times more energy/lb than carbs
  • Energy and fatty acids
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16
Q

Proteins

A
  • Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
  • Simple protiens contain only amino acids
  • Complex proteins contain additional non amino acid substances
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17
Q

Minerals

A
  • Chemical elements other than ones above
  • Macro minerals: required in larger amounts
  • Micro minerals: required in smaller amounts
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18
Q

Vitamins

A
  • Organic nutrients needed in small amounts
  • Fat soluble: A, D, E, K
  • Water soluble: Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C), biotin, choline, B12, folic acid, Niacin, thiamin, riboflavin b
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19
Q

What is a maintenance diet for?

A
  • Steady state at which the animal is not gaining or losing weight
  • Maintenance energy is used to maintain basal metabolism
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20
Q

What is a production diet for?

A
  • Semen, ova, ovum production
  • Fetal growth and development
  • Animal growth
  • Milk, meat, eggs, wool production
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21
Q

Nutrient requirements for non-ruminant (monogastric) nutrition

A
  • Concentrates (Cereal grains: corn, wheat, barley) and Oil Meal (SBM, CSM, LSM) are the most common feed
  • Low in fiber
  • High in digestable energy
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22
Q

What animals would eat monogastric diets?

A

Swine, poultry, equine. Animals with only one stomach

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23
Q

Nutrient requirements for Ruminant animals

A
  • Grasses (pasture) and forages (hays)
  • High in fiber
  • Low in digestable energy
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24
Q

What are concentrates (cereal grains) high in?

A

Energy

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25
Q

What are concentrates (cereal grains) low in?

A

Fiber

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26
Q

Which animals have starch as the primary source of carbohydrates in their diet?

A

Swine and poultry

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27
Q

What nutrient must monogastric animals convert to glucose to assure absorption?

A

Carbohydrates

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28
Q

What sugar are ruminant animals best equipped to utilize?

A

Cellulose

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29
Q

Where is cellulose digested the best in ruminant animals?

A

The rumen

30
Q

What 3 elements do carbohydrates mostly consist of?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

31
Q

What 3 nutrients do fats consist of?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen. There is a larger proportion of carbon and hydrogen in fats than carbohydrates

32
Q

How are essential amino acids retrieved by an animal?

A

Through their dietd via microbial action

33
Q

Are nonessential amino acids required by the animal for normal growth?

A

Yes, but they can be synthesized by the animal

34
Q

If a protein contains only amino acids, what is it called?

A

A simple protein

35
Q

If a protein contains additional non-amino acid substances, such as hemoglobin, carbohydrates, or lipids, what is it?

A

A complex protein

36
Q

Why are minerals considered inorganic?

A

They contain no carbon

37
Q

What type of minerals are required in larger amounts?

A

macro

38
Q

What type of minerals are required in smaller amounts?

A

micro

39
Q

What minerals are required for bone growth and repair?

A

Calcium and phosphorus

40
Q

What can microminerals become a part of?

A

A part of a vitamin and a part of a hormone

41
Q

What are organic nutrients needed in very small amounts to provide specific body functions in an animal?

A

Vitamins

42
Q

Which vitamins are fat soluble?

A

A, D, E, K

43
Q

What does Vitamin A do?

A

Maintains proper repair of internal and external body linings, helps the eyes

44
Q

What does Vitain D do?

A

Regulates the absorption of calcium and phosophorus from the intestine. It aids in bone growth and repair

45
Q

What does Vitamin D do?

A

Relates to sunlight exposure

46
Q

What is Vitamin K important for?

A

Blood clotting and hemorrage prevention

47
Q

What are the water soluble vitamins?

A

ascorbic acid (vitamin c), biotin, choline, B12, folic acid, Niacin, thiamin, riboflavin b

48
Q

In ruminant animals, where do microorganisms make all of the water soluble vitamins?

A

The rumen

49
Q

Why are water soluble vitamins readily availible to horses?

A

Some are made by fermentation in the cecum

50
Q

Can water soluble vitamins be synthesized by monogastric animals? If no, where do monogastric animals intake them?

A

No, they ingest them through feed

51
Q

What are limiting amino acids?

A

Those not provided in sufficient quanitity to allow for the normal synthesis of protein

52
Q

What should a producer do about limiting amino acids?

A

they should make sure their diet formulations assure that limiting amino acids are sufficiently abundant to assure normal protein formation

53
Q

What do amino acids do?

A

They are the building blocks for growth of muscle, bone, and connective tissue. They help milk production and cellular and tissue repair

54
Q

When does growth occur in an animal?

A

When protein synthesis is in excess of protien breakdown

55
Q

Why do young animals need greater protien requirements?

A

Dry matter of muscle and connective tissue is composed of protein, so they utilize it as a muscle building factory

56
Q

What is compensatory growth?

A

A situation where above-average growth rates are realized when nutritional conditions improve

57
Q

What is animal growth?

A

Increase in the animal size and increase in structured tissues (bone, muscle, connective tissues, organs, fats)

58
Q

What growth always happens first in an animal?

A

Bone and muscle

59
Q

What is animal growth measured by?

A

Increase in weight and width
Increase in length and height

60
Q

What 2 factors affect animal growth?

A

Genetics and environment

61
Q

What are the genetic factors that affect growth?

A
  1. Breed: different breeds will grow at different rates
  2. Gender
  3. Inheritance: The ability of the animal to inherit genetic factors for average daily gain
  4. Genetic imbalances of GH or thyroxine
62
Q

What are the environmental factors that affect growth?

A
  1. Physical environment
  2. Favorable or unfavorable conditions
  3. Plane of nutrition
  4. Antibiotics and environment
  5. Implants
63
Q

Gender differences in cattle: Lean accretion/growth

A

1st. Bull
2nd. Steer
3rd. Heifer

64
Q

Gender differences in cattle: Fat accretion and deposit

A

1st. Heifer
2nd. Steer
3rd. Bull

65
Q

Gender differences in pigs: Lean accretion and growth

A

1st. Boar
2nd. Gilt
3rd. Barrow

66
Q

Gender differences in pigs: Fat accretion and depost

A

1st. Barrow
2nd. Gilt
3rd. Boar

67
Q

Under cold temperature stress, what is their feed consumption like?

A

Feed intake: Animal is at lower critical temperature, and eats more feed to get to thermoneutral zone

Feed efficiency: decreases

% Crude Protein: reduce % crude protein in diet

68
Q

Under heat stress, what is an animals feed intake like?

A

They consume less feed

69
Q

What is the DMB for finishing lambs and cattle?

A

1.5-2%

70
Q

What is the DMB for old animals?

A

1.5-2%

71
Q

What is the DMB for dairy cows?

A

3.8-4%

72
Q

What is the DMB for Swine?

A

3.5 - 5.5%

Animal Science Notes (9 decks)

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