Animal Physiology - Lecture 5

Question 1

Development is a series of progressive change in .. and .. during an organisms life cycle

Answer 1

form, function

Question 2

Most intense period of development is … -> …

Answer 2

fertilisation, maturity

Question 3

fertilisation is the formation of .. and .. to give zygote

Answer 3

egg, sperm

Question 4

cleavage is the division of cells to form the ..

Answer 4

blastula

- occurs after fertilisation

Question 5

gastrulation is the formation of … .. and .. ..

it’s where the blastula is transformed into a proper …

Answer 5

tissue layers, body axis
embryo
-can be oral or aboral dependant on speces

Question 6

organogenesis is the formation of ..

Answer 6

organs

Question 7

morphogenesis is the mechanism of .. shape formation

Answer 7

body

Question 8

the cytoplasm and mitochondria of a zygote comes from the ..

Answer 8

egg

-as sperm organelles degenerate by this time

Question 9

the nucleus of the egg is within the … hemisphere

Answer 9

animal

Question 10

nutrients within an egg accumulate in the .. hemisphere

Answer 10

vegetal

Question 11

in amphibians the vegetal hemisphere is …, while the animal hemisphere is .. and has a surface layer

Answer 11

unpigmented, opaque

Question 12

sperm enters a cell at the … hemisphere, causing the … to rotate and expose the ‘grey crescent’ opposite the site of fertilisation

Answer 12

animal, cortex (outer layer)

Question 13

proteins in the grey crescent control what .. cells will take

Answer 13

form

Question 14

blastomeres are produced during cell .. and are essential in … formation

when formed from a morulla the .. has a … in the middle

Answer 14

clevage, blastula

blastula, blastocoel

Question 15

in cleavage, cells divide yet the overall mass of cells .. change

Answer 15

doesn’t

Question 16

in complete clevage, the whole cel divides, without a yolk all cells are .. in size

however with a yolk, the yolk … the clevage and cells divide ..

Answer 16

equal

impedes, asymmetrically

Question 17

in incomplete discoidal clevage, lots of yolk .. the clevage furrows from penetrating the yolk

this causes a … to give rise to the embryo and its associated membranes, the yolk underneath provides .. for the growing envelope

Answer 17

prevents

blastodisc, nutrients
-discoidal incomplete clevage happens in birds

Question 18

Superficial incomplete clevage results as the nucleus divides but .. does not follow

chromosomes are split and form new .., which then imigrate to the edges of the cell and the plasma membrane then grows .. from the edges, partitioning the nuclei into individual cells

Answer 18

cytokinesis
nuclei
inwards

Question 19

in radial clevage, mitotic spindles form at right angles or parallel to …-… axis

Answer 19

animal, vegetal

Question 20

in spiral clevage mitotic spindles form at .. angles to the .. axis

Answer 20

oblique, vegetal

Question 21

in rotational clevage, the first division is … to vegetal-animal axis, the second division is at a .. angle and the third is at a .. angle to that

Answer 21

parallel

right,right

Question 22

totipotency refers to cells being .., at determination however these cells then become .. in roles

Answer 22

undifferentiated, fixed

Question 23

in gastrulation the blastula is separated into three tissue layers, the .., .. and …

Answer 23

endoderm, exoderm, mesoderm

Question 24

the endoderm is the innermost layer and produces the …, .. and .. tract

Answer 24

digestive, circulatory, respiratory

Question 25

the ectoderm forms the .. and … …

Answer 25

epidermis, nervous system

Question 26

protostomes mouth forms .. anus .., deuterostomes mouth forms .. and anus ..

Answer 26

first, second

second, first

Question 27

on a diagram for gastrluation, the centre of the structure is the …, which is surrounded by the …

however the red parts are the primary and secondary … (.. at bottom)

Answer 27

archenteron
endoderm
mesenchyme, primary

Question 28

gastrulation in birds starts when … node moves across the blastodisc anterior, to the posterior leaving behind a .. streak

Answer 28

Hensen’s, primitive

Question 29

the blastodisc comprises of the epiblast, which forms the … and the hypoblast which forms the .. .. ..

the … lies between the epiblast and the hypoblast

Answer 29

embryo
extra embryonic membranes
blastocoel

Question 30

in mammal gastrulation, the blastula divides to form the trophoblast (which forms the ..) and the … cell mass

Answer 30

placenta

inner

Question 31

in mammals, the inner cell mass forms the .. and the ..

Answer 31

epiblast, hypoblast

Question 32

organogenesis is the formation of .. and .. systems

Answer 32

organs, organ

Question 33

neurulation occurs in early organogenesis, it begins the formation of the … system of ..

Answer 33

nervous, vertebrates

Question 34

neurulation starts with the .. of the ectoderm, above the notochord, eventually resulting in a .. tube forming

Answer 34

thickening, neural

Question 35

the anterior end of the neural tube develops into a ..

Answer 35

brain

Question 36

somites produce the .., .. and .. of the trunk and limbs

Answer 36

vertebrates, rib, muscles

Question 37

embryos have extraembryonic mebmranes in their .. layer

Answer 37

germ

Question 38

in birds the yolk sac is the .. to form, by an extension of the ..

the ectoderm and mesoderm combine to form the .., which surrounds the embryo

the chorion is a continuous membrane just .. the egg cell

the allantois membrane is anoutgrowth of the embryonic .. and forms the ..

Answer 38

first, hypoblast
amnion
under
membrane, allantois

Question 39

the allantois is a sac that .. metabolic wastes

Answer 39

stores

-the umbilical chord in mammals