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Aps 136 Animal Physiology > Animal Physiology - Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Animal Physiology - Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

syngamy is the process of .. nuclei of the .. and .. fusing

A

haploid

sperm, ovum

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2
Q

polyspermy is the entry of multiple sperm to an ..

A

egg

-the impacts of polyspermy vary between taxa

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3
Q

the nucleolus can also be known as the .. spot

A

spot

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4
Q

… surrounds the nulceus in eggs

A

cytoplasm/ooplasm

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5
Q

the yolk of an egg is the ..

A

ooplasm

-contains the nutrients needed to support the egg during the early embryo stage

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6
Q

the vitelline layer surrounds the .. and is the plasma membrane that …. the actual cells

A

yolk/ooplasm
surrounds
-it’s the egg cell

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7
Q

the zona pellucida is the ‘..’ layer, it’s an … matrix containing …

A

transparent, extracellular

glycoproteins

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8
Q

the Corona Radiata is formed from .. cells that adhere to the egg before it leaves the … follicle

A

follicle, ovarian

-the layers surrounding the egg are different betwen different taxa

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9
Q

the centriole in sperm is important for … formation and …

it’s also important for .. development after fertilisation

A

tail, movement

embryo

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10
Q

tue midpiece of the sperm has a central .. core, with many .. around it

these … produce ATP which is needed to power the tail through the female reproductive tract

A

filamentous, mitochondria

mitochondria

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11
Q

the female reproductive tract is … times bigger than sperm

A

100,000

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12
Q

In sexual species sperm have to penetrate the … coating in order to enter.

A

ovum

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13
Q

Stage 1 of mammalian egg penetration:
To penetrate the mammal egg, the sperm must penetrate the … … .. cell layer.

It achieves this by ….

A

cumulus cell layer
hypermobility
-hyperacting, using vigorous mobility

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14
Q

Stage 2 of mammalian egg penetration:
Sperm through the follicle layer into the Zona Pellucida, where it under goes the …. reaction, (stage 3) releasing .. which dissolve through the zona pellucida allowing the sperm to move through the glycoprotein matrix and the zona pellucida

A

acrosome, enzyme

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15
Q

Stage 4 of mammalian egg penetration:

After … reaction, it exposes a new surface membarne of the sperm, which is recognised by the plasma membrane of the ..

A

acrosome, oocyte

-recognition mediated by specific proteins

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16
Q

Zona pellucida 3 is responsible for .. to proteins on the sperms surface, inducing the .. reaction.

A

adhering, acrosome

17
Q

Zona pellucida 2 is important in the binding of .. and .. plasma membranes

A

sperm, egg

-top 5% most divergent molecules between humans and rodents

18
Q

Stage 5 of mammalian egg penetration:
Once protein recognition has occured, the ..-… plasma membrane fuses and sperm … enters the ovum and the two nuclei come together

A

sperm-egg
nuclei
-other sperm components also enter

19
Q

less than .. in a million sperm survive journey to ovum

A

1

20
Q

the nucleus is also known as the .. vesicle, containing the DNA

A

germinal

21
Q

the mammalian sperm cell consists of four sections

the .., the .., the .. and the ..

A

acrosome, neck, midpiece, tail

22
Q

the acrosome contains enzymes important for penetrating the female egg, and the .. is also contained here

A

nucleus

23
Q

the tail of sperm provides the lashing movements which .. sperm towards the egg

A

propels

24
Q

the seminal fluid is useful as sperm can only move through a ..

A

liquid

25
Q

after fertilisation in mammals, .. are released into the eggs extracellular matrix to modify the zona pellucida, preventing further .. penetration

A

enzymes
sperm
-stopping polyspermy

26
Q

Sea urchin eggs have e protective .. coat

A

jelly

-acrosome reaction still happens in this layer

27
Q

proteins from egg-jelly coat have been shown to have strong .. properties

A

chemoattractant

  • dissolving readily in sea water, sperm migrate towards this
  • matching species only
28
Q

jelly coat of external fertilisers is tougher than … fertilising species

A

internal

-due to environmental exposure

29
Q

Sea urchin egg-plasma membrane is beneath the jelly coat, it’s lined by .. which hold protein receptors

as sperm release … enzymes, a protrusion develops from the sperm head, which contacts the egg surface

then … on the surface of these heads is detected by ovum protein receptors

A

microvilli
acrosomal
bindin
-bindin species specific

30
Q

After sea urchin membrane fusion, the .. potential of the egg plasma membrane changes, … other sperm fusing with egg

A

electrical, preventing

31
Q

a cortical reaction is an .. tissue reaction
the sea urchin electrical potentail change is an example of this and is needed as ….s of sperm can encounter an egg in seconds

A

outer
100s
-no internal filteration like in mammlas

32
Q

Lysin is a sperm protein that dissolves the eggs envelope in the … mollusc

A

abalone

Aps 136 Animal Physiology (19 decks)

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