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bio 108 > animals > Flashcards

animals Flashcards

1
Q

how does the volution of animals occur?

A
  1. first chordate: spinophores
  2. evolution of land plants
  3. evolution of tetrapods: fish and frogs
  4. first amniotes: reptiles, birds mammals
  5. MAJOR EXTINCTION
  6. era of the dinosaurs: first mammals appeared
  7. first group of birds
  8. MAJOR EXTINCTION
  9. current day !
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2
Q

all animals are?

A

multicellular eukaryotes

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3
Q

do animal cells have a cell wall?

A

no !

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4
Q

how are our bodies held together?

A

structural protein called collagen that allows for cell connection

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5
Q

what tissues allow animals to move?

A

nervous and muscle tissue

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6
Q

what are tissues?

A

groups of cells that have a common structure, function or both

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7
Q

how can you be certain that something is a true tissue?

A

a true tissue will separate from other tissue by a membranous layer

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8
Q

what are some characteristics of animals?

A
  1. chemoheterotrophic: we cannot make our own food
  2. sexual reproduction: motile haploid sperm fertilizes larger non-motile haploid egg to make zygote
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9
Q

how do animals reproduce?

A
  1. all have a haploid gamete, with a small motile sperm cell and a large egg cell
  2. cleavage: diploid zygote undergoes several miotic cell divisions
  3. cleavage leads to the formation of the hollow, multicellular blastula
  4. the blastula undergoes gastrulation to form a gastrula with different layers of embryonic tissue (ectoderm, endoderm and blastopore)
  5. germ layers give rise to the tissue and organs of the animal embryo
  6. protostomia: first invagination of the gastrula (blastopore) forms into the mouth
  7. deuterostomia: second invagination becomes the mouth, and the first opening becomes the anus or closes
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10
Q

what process happens with protostomes?

A

the new row of cells becomes slightly off center

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11
Q

what kind of cleavage do protostomes undergo?

A

spiral cleavage

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12
Q

what does it mean when protostomes are determinate?

A

a new cell is destined to form some part of the later embryo, and the removal of some of these cells results in the embryo missing organs

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13
Q

what process happens with deuterostomes?

A

each cell division stacks the new cells directly above the previous one

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14
Q

what kind of cleavage do deuterostomes experience?

A

radial cleavage

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15
Q

what does it mean when deuterostomes are indeterminate?

A

early embryotic cells are not differentiated, which means that the young embryo could split and develop into two complete embryos (how identical twins are formed)

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16
Q

what is a homeobox?

A

a highly conserved nucleotide sequence, meaning it has been unchanged over millions of years of evolution

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17
Q

what type of genes are homeobox genes?

A

regulatory!

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18
Q

what is the function of a homeobox regulatory gene?

A

it can turn genes on and off

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19
Q

what does the homeobox control?

A

anterior to posterior developmental sequence of the embryo, which can cause a pattern formation during development

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20
Q

what are homeobox containing genes called?

A

hox genes

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21
Q

what are the properties of hox genes?

A

the order of genes along chromosomes are similar among different animals groups, but the number of repetitions can differ

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22
Q

does the number of hox genes vary among different animal phyla?

A

yes, absent in sponges by many in vertebrates

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23
Q

what are the two types of potential body plans an organism can posses?

A

radial symmetry or bilateral symmetry

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24
Q

what is radial symmetry?

A

no front and back, or left or right

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25
Q

radial animals often possess what characteristics?

A

planktonic or sessile (weakly swimming)

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26
Q

what is bilateral symmetry?

A

two sided symmetry with a left and right side, dorsal (top) and ventral (bottom) side, and an anterior (head) and posterior (tail)
(think of drawing a line right down the middle of your body)

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27
Q

bilateral animals posses what characteristics?

A

often move more actively and have a central nervous system

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28
Q

what is the process of cephalization?

A

the development of the head (cns)

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29
Q

in cephalization, what is concentrated in the head?

A

sensory organs, including sensory structure and receptors

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30
Q

cephalization centers what in the brain?

A

internal concentration of the neural system, which forms the cns

31
Q

what was cephalization developed? what does this allow for? (3)

A

allowed for forward and directional movement, which allows for quicker responses to stimuli, better ability to search for food, and better defenses and capabilities

32
Q

the class of animals called eumetazoa are all animals that posses?

A

true tissues

33
Q

what are tissues?

A

an integrated group of cells with a common structure and function

34
Q

all true tissues have a?

A

membranous layer

35
Q

what does the membranous layer do?

A

isolate tissues from other tissues

36
Q

what is the parazoan design?

A

collection of cells, specialized cells perform specific functions

37
Q

what is the eumetazoan design?

A

specialized cells are collected into a distinct tissue, which causes more advanced designs and tissue combining to form organs

38
Q

what are the three germ layers involved in tissue formation?

A

endoderm, ectoderm and mesoderm

39
Q

what does the endoderm form?

A

the digestive tract (gut)

40
Q

what does the ectoderm form?

A

outer covering (skin and nerves)

41
Q

what does the mesoderm form?

A

muscle and other organs (think middle)

42
Q

the class ‘radiata’ refers to animals that have?

A

two embryonic cell layers

43
Q

what do diploblastic animals have?

A

an endoderm and ectoderm

44
Q

the class “bilateria’ refers to animals that have?

A

three embryonic cell layers

45
Q

what do triploblastic animals have?

A

endoderm, ectoderm and mesoderm

46
Q

what do most triploblastic animals possess?

A

a fluid-filled body cavity

47
Q

what is a true body cavity called? where is it derived from?

A

coelom, which is derived from the mesoderm

48
Q

animals that have a true coelom are called?

A

coelomates

49
Q

what are the qualities a coelomate has? (4)

A
  1. a digestive tract from the endoderm
  2. bodily covering from the ectoderm
  3. tissue layer lining the coelom and suspending internal organs from the mesoderm
  4. body cavity!
50
Q

some triploblastic animals do not have a coelom, but rather a?

A

hemocoel

51
Q

what is the function of the hemocoel?

A

to provide circulation, nutrient transport, waste removal and a hydrostatic skeleton (in some animals)

52
Q

what is a hemolymph?

A

the fluid-filled cavity for a hemocoel

53
Q

what are the qualities an animal with a hemocoel has? (4)

A
  1. a digestive tract from the endoderm
  2. body covering from ectoderm
  3. muscle layer from the mesoderm
  4. body cavity
54
Q

triploblastic animals that lack a body cavity are called?

A

acoelomates

55
Q

what are qualities that an acoelomate has? (4)

A
  1. body covering from ectoderm
  2. tissue-filled region from the mesoderm
  3. wall of the digestive cavity from the endoderm
  4. no body cavity
56
Q

what is the function of the coelom?

A

to cushion internal organs from blows to the outside of the body

57
Q

what does having a coelom allow internal organs to do?

A

internal organs can grow and shift without deforming the outside of the body, like the heart beating

58
Q

what can the fluid-filled cavity of the coelom be used as?

A

a hydrostatic skeleton by tensing the muscles around an incompressible fluid (earthworms)

59
Q

animals common ancestor resembled that of a?

A

choanoflagellate

60
Q

what are choanoflagellates?

A

heterotrophic protists

61
Q

what does the choanoflagellate have (structurally)?

A

a single flagellum that is surrounded by a collar of microvilli

62
Q

what are microvilli?

A

finger-like projections of the cell membrane

63
Q

choanoflagellates have a cell morphology that is similar to that of?

A

sponges

64
Q

what is the colonial hypothesis?

A

a ball-shaped colony of choanoflagellates may have evolved inti a simple animal with endodermal and ectodermal layers

65
Q

what are the steps of the colonial hypothesis?

A
  1. collagen and oxygen allow for cell adhesion, creating a colonial protist (an aggregate of identical cells)
  2. aggregation of similar cells form into a hollow sphere of unspecialized cells
  3. cell specialization begins; may specialize in reproduction, growth, etc through natural selection
  4. an infolding is formed
  5. gastrula-like ‘protoanimal’ with germ layers and a digestive cavity is formed
66
Q

what is the dna evidence that the colonial hypothesis took place?

A

genes for cell signaling and adhesion proteins found in both choanoflagellates and animal cells

67
Q

what are the advantages of being multicellular?

A
  1. they get bigger and more complex
  2. easier to gather and eat food
  3. less likely to get eaten - defense
  4. specialization of tasks - sensory, digestion
68
Q

what are some costs to multicellularity?

A
  1. most cells do not reproduce
  2. requires cooperation
69
Q

what is diffusion?

A

random motion of molecules from a high to low concentration

70
Q

what are some limitations of diffusion?

A

only effective over small distances and limits size

71
Q

how was diffusion overcome?

A

bulk flow

72
Q

what is bulk flow?

A

active flow of oxygen, nutrients and other molecules in large quantities from point a to point b

73
Q

specialized cells and tissues ________ _________ oxygen and nutrients throughout the body?

A

actively transport

74
Q

what are the four major eras?

A

edicarian, aleozoic, mesozoic, cenozoic

bio 108 (22 decks)

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